Endocrine system Flashcards
System that produces hormones and made up of glands.
Endocrine system
The functional unit of a gland
Adenomere
These are the primary chemical messenger of cell signaling molecules
Hormones
Hormones derived from AMINES
Thyroid hormones
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Hormones derived from Peptide and Protein
Insulin Glucagon Prolactin ACTH Parathyroid hormones
Hormones derived from STEROID
Cortisol Aldosterone Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone
Side effect of STEROID
Immunosuppressants
It is the master’s gland.
Pituitary gland
Other name for pituitary gland
Hypophyseal gland
Location of Pituitary gland
Sella turcica of Sphenoid bone
Pituitary gland is covered by
Diaphragm sella
Part of pituitary gland derived from ECTODERM (Rathke’s pouch)
Anterior pituitary gland
Other name for Ant. Pituitary gland
Adenohypophysis
Adenohypophysis is derived from
Oral cavity
Pathology: Calcified tissue seen in adenohypohysis resembles?
Tooth tissues
Development site if adenohypophysis
Rathke’s pouch tumor
rare type of brain tumor derived from pituitary gland embryonic tissue that occurs most commonly in children, but also affects adults.
Craniopharyngioma
3 germ layers
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
The release of hormone in adenohypophysisis regulated by?
Hypothalamic (vascular) portal system
Hormones in Hypothalamic (vascular) portal system has 2 types of hormone
Releasing hormone
Inhibitory hromone
What are the acidic hormones?
Growth hormone (Somatotropin) Prolactin
What are the basic hormones?
FSH LH ACTH TSH beta -ENDORPHIN
Target organs for GH.
Long bones
Liver
Adipose tissue
Effects of GH on the target organs.
Stimulation of growth
Metabolism of CHO and lipids
Hormone that produces milk
Prolactin
Target organ of prolactin
Mammary gland
Male have prolactin but inhibited by?
Hypothalamus
What trimester during pregnancy prolactin starts to produce milk?
2nd trimester
PROLACTIN is the predominant inhibitory hormone by?
Dopamine
It is associated with release of Growth Hormone
Positive Nitrogen Balance
It is a fundamental component of amino acid.
Nitrogen
It is a measure of nitrogen input (dietary intake) minus nitrogen output (urinary output, feces and sweat).
Nitrogen Balance
Nitrogen balance is associated with?
Period of growth
Hypothyroidism
Tissue repair
Pregnancy
Hormone that regulates reproduction functioning.
FSH
FSH targets what organ?
Ovaries and testes
Hormone responsible for production of sex hormone.
LH
LH targets what organ?
Ovaries and testes
Epithelial lining of the gonads?
Germinal epithelium
Hormone that maintains the production of STEROIDS
Adenohypophysis > ACTH
Target organ of ACTH
Adrenal gland (cortex)
What organ produces steroids?
Adrenal cortex
Anti-stress hormone
ACTH
Hormone that maintains the secretion of thyroid hormones.
TSH
Target organ of TSH
Thyroid gland
This hormone inhibits pain perception.
beta-ENDORPHIN
Target organ of beta-Endorphin
Opioid receptor
Natural pain-reliever of the body.
beta-ENDORPHIN
4 happy hormones
Endorphin
Dopamine
Serotonin
Oxytocin
Posterior pituitary gland is derived from what germ layer?
Neuroectoderm
Other name for posterior pituitary gland?
Neurohypophysis
Neurohypophysis is functionally connected to HYPOTHALAMUS via?
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal tract
Hormones secreted by Neurohypophysis
Oxytocin
ADH
Target organs of Oxytocin.
Mammary duct
Uterus
Ejaculatory duct
Effects of Oxytocin to its target organs.
Contraction
Target organ of ADH
Collecting tubule
DCT
Effects of ADH to its target organs
Contraction
Increase the permeability
other name for ADH
Vasopressin
Which of the following hormones has similar action to oxytocin?
ADH
Oxytocin and ADH are both produced by?
Hypothalamus
It is a synthetic drug of OXYTOCIN
Pitocin
Pitocin may be administered in cases of?
Pregnant woman during long labor
Hormone storage in neurohypophysis
Herring bodies
The x-ray beam is attenuated by the lead foil before striking the film. This causes the embossed pattern on the foil this effect appears on the processed film.
Herringbone or diamond effect
It is the largest endocrine gland.
Thyroid gland
Location of Thyroid gland
Anterior to the trachea, around level of cricoid cartilage
It is the functional unit of thyroid gland that produces COLLOID.
Follicle
It is the major constituent of COLLOID.
Thyroglobulin
These proteins are the two essentials for synthesis of thyroid hormones.
Tyrosine and Iodine
Dietary essential of IODINE
0.1 mg/day
Cell in the thyroid gland responsible for METABOLISM
Follicular cell
What are the follicular cells?
T4 and T3
cell in thyroid gland that is in Inactivated form that composes 90% production.
Thyroxine T4
A more potent and active form of T4 composes 10% o production.
T3 Tri-iodothyronine
It is the energy-producing phase in which simple substances are synthesized into complex.
ANABOLISM
Involves the ENERGY-RELEASING when there is breakdown of complex molecule into simple substance.
CATABOLISM
Also known as clear cell.
Parafollicular cell
Cell in Thyroid gland responsible for BONE REMODELING.
Parafollicular cell
Hormone of thyroid gland responsible for bone remodeling.
CALCITONIN
Calcitonin responsible for bone remodeling by
Decreasing the CALCIUM in bone, kidneys and intestines.
Increasing the PHOSPHATE by preventing bone resorpttion
Major effects by decreasing the calcium in the bone, kidneys and intestines.
Inhibiting the OSTEOCLASTIC ACTIVITY.
Minor effects by decreasing the calcium in the bone,kidneys and intestines.
Decreases the reabsorption of Ca in the kidney
Prevents the absorption of calcium from instestines.
Gland that increases calcium in the blood
Parathyroid gland
Location of Parathyroid gland
Posterior to the thyroid gland
Cell in parathyroid gland that is responsible for Bone Remodeling
Chief cell
Hormone in parathyroid gland responsible for bone remoddeling.
Parathormone
Parathormone involves in bone remodeling by?
Increases calcium in the kidneys
Increases Vit.D for intestinal absorption of Calcium
Decreases phosphate re-absorption
Cell in parathyroid gland that appears at the onset of puberty only.
Oxyphil cells
Presence of oxyphil cells in adult indicates?
Parathyroid gland pathology
Hormones that favor BONE FORMATION
Insulin Growth hormone CALCITONIN Estrogen Testosterone
Decreased in Estrogen and Testosterone leads to?
Osteoporosis
Accessory gland in digestion
Pancreas
Location of Pancreas
L1 to L2 that lies on the FIRST part of the Duodenum.
C-shaped part of small intestines.
Duodenum
System found in the HEAD portion of the pancreas.
Exocrine system
System found in the TAIL portion of the pancreas.
Endocrine system
Difference between Endocrine and Exocrine
Endocrine produces hormones and is DUCTLESS
Exocrine produces enzymes and has DUCTS
Main duct in EXOCRINE of pancreas
Wirsung duct
Accessory duct of EXOCRINE in pancreas
Santorini duct
Exocrine in pancreas excretes what enzymes?
Bicarbonates
Amylase
Lipase
Trypsinogen and Chymotrypsin
Enzyme that buffers the hydrochloric acid in duodenum.
Bicarbonates
Enzyme that breaks down polysaccharide into GLUCOSE and MALTOSE
Amylase
Enzyme that breaks down TRIGLYCERIDES forming free fatty acids.
Lipase
Enzyme that digests PROTEIN.
Trypsinogen and Chymotrypsin
Acid mainly present in stomach
Hydrochloric acid
Environment required to absorbed food
Acidic environment
It is where the ISLETS of LANGERHAN is seen
Tail portion of Pancreas
What are the endocrine cells in pancreas
Alpha
Beta
Delta
F-cells
Endocrine cells that produces glucagon.
Alpha cells
Endocrine cells that produces insulin
Beta cells
Endocrine cells that produces SOMATOSTATIN
Delta cells
Endocrine cells that produces pancreatic polypeptide.
F-cells
Hormone that breaks down glycogen.
Glucagon
Hormone that stores glucose
Insulin
Glucose breaks down glycogen in what organs?
LIVER
Resting muscle
Adipocyte
Insulin stores glucose in
Resting muscle
Adipocyte
Liver
Hormone that controls production of insulin and glucagon which also aids in digestion.
Somatostatin
It is the formation of glycogen.
Glycogenesis
It is the breaking down of glycogen into GLUCOSE.
Glycogenolysis
Molecule easiest to digest by the body
Fats
Molecule difficult to digest by the body
Protein
Lack of insulin in the body causes
High sugar in blood
Other name for glycolysis
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
It is the breakdown of glycogen into Pyruvate and Lactic acid.
Glycolysis
Glycogen that goes into Aerobic condition produces
Pyruvate and 2 ATP
Glycogen that goes into Anaerobic condition produces
Lactic acid and 2 ATP
Breakdown of glycogen in blood
Glycogenolysis
Breakdwon of glycogen to produce ATP
Glycolysis
New glucose production in liver and in kidneys
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis forms glucose from?
PYRUVATE
Glycolysis process increases after?
1 hour of meal
Glycogenolysis is increased during?
Exercise
Gluconeogenesis is increased during?
Fasting (which is pathological to the liver)
These are gland located asuperomedially to the upper pole of kidneys.
ADRENAL GLANDS
The outer portion of Adrenal gland.
Adrenal cortex
The outermost portion of the outer part of adrenal gland.
Zona glomerulosa
Zona glomerulosa produces what hormone?
Mineralocorticoids
Other name of Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone
Hormone that maintains salt in the body
Aldosterone
Function of Z. glomerulosa
Stimulates Na re-absorption in DCT
Drug that release Na out in the body
Diuretics
Z. Fascisulata produces what hormone?
Glucocorticoids
Other name for glucocorticoids
Cortisol
A stress hormone which also maintains sugar in blood
Cortisol
Z. reticularis produces what hormone?
Androgens
Other name for Androgens
Sex hormones
Sex hormones is mainly for
Sex appearance
The middle portion of the outer part of adrenal gland.
Z. Fasciculata
The innerrmost portion of the outer part of adrenal gland.
Z. Reticularis
What are the sex hormones>
(Estrogen)Estradiol
Progesterone
Testosterone
Estradiol contains how many carbons and aromatic ring?
18 CARBONS and 1 aromatic ring
Progesterone contains how many carbons from cholesterol?
21 Carbons
Testosterone contains how many carbons from cholesterol?
19 Carbons
Main androgen of female
Estrogen
Main androgen in male
Testosterone
Androgen in male works more on?
Muscles
Andrgen in female works on?
Adipose tissue
Primary difference between male and female
Male - penis
Female - vagina
Secondary differences between male and female
Male- with adam’s apple, facial hair, muscular, broad shoulder, estuchinon witih diamond pattern
Female- not prominent adam’s apple, absence of facial hair, broad hips, estuchion pattern is inverted triangle, presence of breast
True or False. Testes and Ovaries produce sex hormones.
True
Are testes and ovaries part of endocrine system?
Yes
condition having Facial pattern of opposite sex
Hirsutism
It is the inner portion of Adrenal gland
Adrenal medulla
Cell present in Adrenal medulla
Chromaffin cells
Chromaffin cells produces?
CATECHOLAMINES-
Dopamine,Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
Dopamine is mainly produced in?
Hypothalamus
Catecholamine is degraded by?
Mono-amine oxidase
Anti-depressaant drug contains?
MAO inhibitor
This gland produces Melatonin for circadian fluctuance
Pineal gland
Other term for pineal gland
Epiphyseal gland
Location of pineal gland
Roof of the third ventricle
Refers to the blood melatonin level that are 3x higher at night
Circadian fluctuance
Melatonin is more active in child, age?
0-12months
In adult, melatonin will be converted to this hormone to induce sleep.
Serotonin
