General Pathology Flashcards
It is when there is excessive physiologic stress
Cellular adaptation
Decreased in the size and function of the cell
Atrophy
Absence or failure of the cell to develop
Aplasia
Increased in the SIZE of a cell
Hypertrophy
Increased in the Number of cells
Hyperplasia
A change of one differentiated type of cells t another
Metaplasia
An alteration in size, shape, and organization of the cellular components of a tissue
Dysplasia
It is the hallmark of MALIGNANCY
Anaplasia
Organ that physiologically undergoes hypertrophy
Skeletal muscle
Organ that physiologically undergoes hyperplasia
Uterus
Organ that pathologically undergoes hypertrophy
Heart
structures that patholologically undergoes hyperplasia
kidney
gingiva
Loss of function leads to?
Atrophy
loss of blood oxygen supply leads to
ischemia
Organs sensitive to chronic ischemia
Brain
Heart
Barrett’s esophagus and Smoker’s lungs are types of what cellular adaptation
Metaplasia
Barrett’s esophagus is associated with what GI disease?
GERD
Epithelial changes in Barrett’s esophagus
Squamous cell to columnar
Epithelial changes in Smoker’s lung
Columnar cells to squamous
Most common cancer in the esophagus
Adenocarcinoma
Most common cancer in the lungs
Squamous cell carcinoma
this cellular adaptation indicates PRE-MALIGNANCY lesion
Dysplasia
What are the irritants in a cigarette?
Nicotine
Tar
Benzopyrenes
What causes cancer in the smoker’s lung?
Benzopyrenes
What causes addiction in a cigar?
Nicotine
Theory that states there is an induction of chemical carcinogens in the body causing deletion of the normal cells.
Deletion Theory
Types of cell injury that regenerate with or without injury.
LABILE
Types of cell injury that regenerate with injury.
STABLE
Types of cell injury that will not regenerate if injured
PERMANENT
Types of Labile cells
Epithelium
Urinary cell
Hematopoietic tissue
Types of STABLE cells
Liver
Kidney
Pancreas
Types of permanent cells
Neurons
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle cell
Other name for STABLE cels
Quiescent
Features of ANAPLASIA
Increased mitotic activity
Lack of differentiation
Cytoplasmic nucleus ratio 1:1
Most common organ prone to cancer
LIVER
Most uncommon organ prone to cancer
HEART
Cancer with the poorest diagnosis
Pancreatic cancer
Difference between a normal cell and malignant cell
Nucleus in normal cell 1:4
Nucleus in malignant cell :1:1
Reversible injury characteristics
Cellular energy metabolism is altered Glycogen is depleted Decreased intracellular pH Cellular swelling Formation of blebs
mildest sign of Reversible injury
Cellular swelling
Most common cause of IRREVERSIBLE injury
Membrane injury > intracellular release of lysosomal enzymes > Damage of other cells resulting to NECROSIS
It is the pathologic cell death in living tissue, resulting from the progressive degradative action of enzyme
NECROSIS
Nuclear changes
Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Types of cell in response to tissue injury
Labile
Stable
Permanent
It is the dissolution of a cell nucleus
Karyolysis
Irreversible condensation of chromatin
Pyknosis
Destructive fragmentation of the nucleus
Karyorrhexis
Nuclear changes in tissue are caused by
Digestion of cell by enzymes
Denaturation of proteins
Digestion of cell by enzymes derived from their own lysosome
Autolysis
Digestion of cell by enzymes derived from leukocytes
Heterolysis
Types of necrosis that is the most common pattern of necrosis
Coagulative
Exampes of coagulative necrosis of what organs
HEART KIDNEY LUNGS BRAIN LIVER ADRENAL GLANDS PULP
The most common organ that undergoes coagulative
Heart
The most uncommon organ that undergoes coagulative
Liver
Coagulative necrosis is the same with?
Infarction
Infarction means?
Obstruction in an organ
Type of necrosis where the necrotic area is soft and filled with fluid
LIQUEFACTIVE
Organs that undergoes liquefactive necrosis
Brain
Lungs
Pulp
Most common organ that undergoes liquefaction necrosis
Brain
Type of necrosis present in tuberculotic lesion with the presences of proteinaceous cheesy materials
Caseous
Necrosis combined with coagulative and liquefactive necrosis
Caseous
Three most common type of necrosis
Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Common necrosis in adipose tissues and pancreas.
Enzymatic necrosis
The organ appears white-chalky deposit in enzymatic necrosis due to?
SAPONIFICATION
Necrosis that occurs following severe injury to the tissues with high fat content
Trauma necrosis
Organ affected by trauma necrosis
Breasts
Subcutaneous tissue
Abdomen
Cells present in Trauma necrosis
Foam cells
Giant cells
It is a connective tissue necrosis that affects the ARTERIAL wall.
FIBRINOID
Firbrinoid is mostly seen in?
Rheumatic fever (Rheumatic heart disease0
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Malignant hypertension
Systemic lupus erythematosus symptoms
Butterfly rush or malar rush
Arthralgia
Type of nerosis with superadded PUTREFACTION
GANGRENOUS
Gangrenous type of necrosis caused by infections that appears MOIST
Wet gangrene
Organ affected by wet gangrene
Appendicitis
Diabetic foot
Gangrene due to occlusive vascular disease.
Dry gangrene
Dry gangrene becomes black due to?
Breakdown of HEMOGLOBIN
formation of IRON SULFUR
Common sites of gas gangrene
Muscles
Liver
Most common gas gangrene
Myonecrosis
Gas gangrene is caused by what microorganisms?
Clostridium perfringens
What is necrobiosis?
Physiologic cell death
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
