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Dental Boards Review > General Pathology > Flashcards

General Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

It is when there is excessive physiologic stress

A

Cellular adaptation

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2
Q

Decreased in the size and function of the cell

A

Atrophy

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3
Q

Absence or failure of the cell to develop

A

Aplasia

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4
Q

Increased in the SIZE of a cell

A

Hypertrophy

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5
Q

Increased in the Number of cells

A

Hyperplasia

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6
Q

A change of one differentiated type of cells t another

A

Metaplasia

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7
Q

An alteration in size, shape, and organization of the cellular components of a tissue

A

Dysplasia

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8
Q

It is the hallmark of MALIGNANCY

A

Anaplasia

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9
Q

Organ that physiologically undergoes hypertrophy

A

Skeletal muscle

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10
Q

Organ that physiologically undergoes hyperplasia

A

Uterus

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11
Q

Organ that pathologically undergoes hypertrophy

A

Heart

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12
Q

structures that patholologically undergoes hyperplasia

A

kidney

gingiva

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13
Q

Loss of function leads to?

A

Atrophy

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14
Q

loss of blood oxygen supply leads to

A

ischemia

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15
Q

Organs sensitive to chronic ischemia

A

Brain

Heart

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16
Q

Barrett’s esophagus and Smoker’s lungs are types of what cellular adaptation

A

Metaplasia

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17
Q

Barrett’s esophagus is associated with what GI disease?

A

GERD

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18
Q

Epithelial changes in Barrett’s esophagus

A

Squamous cell to columnar

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19
Q

Epithelial changes in Smoker’s lung

A

Columnar cells to squamous

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20
Q

Most common cancer in the esophagus

A

Adenocarcinoma

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21
Q

Most common cancer in the lungs

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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22
Q

this cellular adaptation indicates PRE-MALIGNANCY lesion

A

Dysplasia

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23
Q

What are the irritants in a cigarette?

A

Nicotine
Tar
Benzopyrenes

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24
Q

What causes cancer in the smoker’s lung?

A

Benzopyrenes

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25
Q

What causes addiction in a cigar?

A

Nicotine

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26
Q

Theory that states there is an induction of chemical carcinogens in the body causing deletion of the normal cells.

A

Deletion Theory

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27
Q

Types of cell injury that regenerate with or without injury.

A

LABILE

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28
Q

Types of cell injury that regenerate with injury.

A

STABLE

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29
Q

Types of cell injury that will not regenerate if injured

A

PERMANENT

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30
Q

Types of Labile cells

A

Epithelium
Urinary cell
Hematopoietic tissue

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31
Q

Types of STABLE cells

A

Liver
Kidney
Pancreas

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32
Q

Types of permanent cells

A

Neurons
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle cell

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33
Q

Other name for STABLE cels

A

Quiescent

34
Q

Features of ANAPLASIA

A

Increased mitotic activity
Lack of differentiation
Cytoplasmic nucleus ratio 1:1

35
Q

Most common organ prone to cancer

A

LIVER

36
Q

Most uncommon organ prone to cancer

A

HEART

37
Q

Cancer with the poorest diagnosis

A

Pancreatic cancer

38
Q

Difference between a normal cell and malignant cell

A

Nucleus in normal cell 1:4

Nucleus in malignant cell :1:1

39
Q

Reversible injury characteristics

A 
Cellular energy metabolism is altered
Glycogen is depleted
Decreased intracellular pH
Cellular swelling 
Formation of blebs
40
Q

mildest sign of Reversible injury

A

Cellular swelling

41
Q

Most common cause of IRREVERSIBLE injury

A

Membrane injury > intracellular release of lysosomal enzymes > Damage of other cells resulting to NECROSIS

42
Q

It is the pathologic cell death in living tissue, resulting from the progressive degradative action of enzyme

A

NECROSIS

43
Q

Nuclear changes

A

Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis

44
Q

Types of cell in response to tissue injury

A

Labile
Stable
Permanent

45
Q

It is the dissolution of a cell nucleus

A

Karyolysis

46
Q

Irreversible condensation of chromatin

A

Pyknosis

47
Q

Destructive fragmentation of the nucleus

A

Karyorrhexis

48
Q

Nuclear changes in tissue are caused by

A

Digestion of cell by enzymes

Denaturation of proteins

49
Q

Digestion of cell by enzymes derived from their own lysosome

A

Autolysis

50
Q

Digestion of cell by enzymes derived from leukocytes

A

Heterolysis

51
Q

Types of necrosis that is the most common pattern of necrosis

A

Coagulative

52
Q

Exampes of coagulative necrosis of what organs

A 
HEART
KIDNEY
LUNGS
BRAIN
LIVER
ADRENAL GLANDS
PULP
53
Q

The most common organ that undergoes coagulative

A

Heart

54
Q

The most uncommon organ that undergoes coagulative

A

Liver

55
Q

Coagulative necrosis is the same with?

A

Infarction

56
Q

Infarction means?

A

Obstruction in an organ

57
Q

Type of necrosis where the necrotic area is soft and filled with fluid

A

LIQUEFACTIVE

58
Q

Organs that undergoes liquefactive necrosis

A

Brain
Lungs
Pulp

59
Q

Most common organ that undergoes liquefaction necrosis

A

Brain

60
Q

Type of necrosis present in tuberculotic lesion with the presences of proteinaceous cheesy materials

A

Caseous

61
Q

Necrosis combined with coagulative and liquefactive necrosis

A

Caseous

62
Q

Three most common type of necrosis

A

Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous

63
Q

Common necrosis in adipose tissues and pancreas.

A

Enzymatic necrosis

64
Q

The organ appears white-chalky deposit in enzymatic necrosis due to?

A

SAPONIFICATION

65
Q

Necrosis that occurs following severe injury to the tissues with high fat content

A

Trauma necrosis

66
Q

Organ affected by trauma necrosis

A

Breasts
Subcutaneous tissue
Abdomen

67
Q

Cells present in Trauma necrosis

A

Foam cells

Giant cells

68
Q

It is a connective tissue necrosis that affects the ARTERIAL wall.

A

FIBRINOID

69
Q

Firbrinoid is mostly seen in?

A

Rheumatic fever (Rheumatic heart disease0
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Malignant hypertension

70
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus symptoms

A

Butterfly rush or malar rush

Arthralgia

71
Q

Type of nerosis with superadded PUTREFACTION

A

GANGRENOUS

72
Q

Gangrenous type of necrosis caused by infections that appears MOIST

A

Wet gangrene

73
Q

Organ affected by wet gangrene

A

Appendicitis

Diabetic foot

74
Q

Gangrene due to occlusive vascular disease.

A

Dry gangrene

75
Q

Dry gangrene becomes black due to?

A

Breakdown of HEMOGLOBIN

formation of IRON SULFUR

76
Q

Common sites of gas gangrene

A

Muscles

Liver

77
Q

Most common gas gangrene

A

Myonecrosis

78
Q

Gas gangrene is caused by what microorganisms?

A

Clostridium perfringens

79
Q

What is necrobiosis?

A

Physiologic cell death

80
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

Dental Boards Review (34 decks)

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