General Pathology

Question 1

It is when there is excessive physiologic stress

Answer 1

Cellular adaptation

Question 2

Decreased in the size and function of the cell

Answer 2

Atrophy

Question 3

Absence or failure of the cell to develop

Answer 3

Aplasia

Question 4

Increased in the SIZE of a cell

Answer 4

Hypertrophy

Question 5

Increased in the Number of cells

Answer 5

Hyperplasia

Question 6

A change of one differentiated type of cells t another

Answer 6

Metaplasia

Question 7

An alteration in size, shape, and organization of the cellular components of a tissue

Answer 7

Dysplasia

Question 8

It is the hallmark of MALIGNANCY

Answer 8

Anaplasia

Question 9

Organ that physiologically undergoes hypertrophy

Answer 9

Skeletal muscle

Question 10

Organ that physiologically undergoes hyperplasia

Answer 10

Uterus

Question 11

Organ that pathologically undergoes hypertrophy

Answer 11

Heart

Question 12

structures that patholologically undergoes hyperplasia

Answer 12

kidney

gingiva

Question 13

Loss of function leads to?

Answer 13

Atrophy

Question 14

loss of blood oxygen supply leads to

Answer 14

ischemia

Question 15

Organs sensitive to chronic ischemia

Answer 15

Brain

Heart

Question 16

Barrett’s esophagus and Smoker’s lungs are types of what cellular adaptation

Answer 16

Metaplasia

Question 17

Barrett’s esophagus is associated with what GI disease?

Answer 17

GERD

Question 18

Epithelial changes in Barrett’s esophagus

Answer 18

Squamous cell to columnar

Question 19

Epithelial changes in Smoker’s lung

Answer 19

Columnar cells to squamous

Question 20

Most common cancer in the esophagus

Answer 20

Adenocarcinoma

Question 21

Most common cancer in the lungs

Answer 21

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 22

this cellular adaptation indicates PRE-MALIGNANCY lesion

Answer 22

Dysplasia

Question 23

What are the irritants in a cigarette?

Answer 23

Nicotine
Tar
Benzopyrenes

Question 24

What causes cancer in the smoker’s lung?

Answer 24

Benzopyrenes

Question 25

What causes addiction in a cigar?

Answer 25

Nicotine

Question 26

Theory that states there is an induction of chemical carcinogens in the body causing deletion of the normal cells.

Answer 26

Deletion Theory

Question 27

Types of cell injury that regenerate with or without injury.

Answer 27

LABILE

Question 28

Types of cell injury that regenerate with injury.

Answer 28

STABLE

Question 29

Types of cell injury that will not regenerate if injured

Answer 29

PERMANENT

Question 30

Types of Labile cells

Answer 30

Epithelium Urinary cell Hematopoietic tissue

Question 31

Types of STABLE cells

Answer 31

Liver Kidney Pancreas

Question 32

Types of permanent cells

Answer 32

Neurons Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle cell

Question 33

Other name for STABLE cels

Answer 33

Quiescent

Question 34

Features of ANAPLASIA

Answer 34

Increased mitotic activity Lack of differentiation Cytoplasmic nucleus ratio 1:1

Question 35

Most common organ prone to cancer

Answer 35

LIVER

Question 36

Most uncommon organ prone to cancer

Answer 36

HEART

Question 37

Cancer with the poorest diagnosis

Answer 37

Pancreatic cancer

Question 38

Difference between a normal cell and malignant cell

Answer 38

Nucleus in normal cell 1:4 | Nucleus in malignant cell :1:1

Question 39

Reversible injury characteristics

Answer 39

``` Cellular energy metabolism is altered Glycogen is depleted Decreased intracellular pH Cellular swelling Formation of blebs ```

Question 40

mildest sign of Reversible injury

Answer 40

Cellular swelling

Question 41

Most common cause of IRREVERSIBLE injury

Answer 41

Membrane injury > intracellular release of lysosomal enzymes > Damage of other cells resulting to NECROSIS

Question 42

It is the pathologic cell death in living tissue, resulting from the progressive degradative action of enzyme

Answer 42

NECROSIS

Question 43

Nuclear changes

Answer 43

Karyolysis Pyknosis Karyorrhexis

Question 44

Types of cell in response to tissue injury

Answer 44

Labile Stable Permanent

Question 45

It is the dissolution of a cell nucleus

Answer 45

Karyolysis

Question 46

Irreversible condensation of chromatin

Answer 46

Pyknosis

Question 47

Destructive fragmentation of the nucleus

Answer 47

Karyorrhexis

Question 48

Nuclear changes in tissue are caused by

Answer 48

Digestion of cell by enzymes | Denaturation of proteins

Question 49

Digestion of cell by enzymes derived from their own lysosome

Answer 49

Autolysis

Question 50

Digestion of cell by enzymes derived from leukocytes

Answer 50

Heterolysis

Question 51

Types of necrosis that is the most common pattern of necrosis

Answer 51

Coagulative

Question 52

Exampes of coagulative necrosis of what organs

Answer 52

``` HEART KIDNEY LUNGS BRAIN LIVER ADRENAL GLANDS PULP ```

Question 53

The most common organ that undergoes coagulative

Answer 53

Heart

Question 54

The most uncommon organ that undergoes coagulative

Answer 54

Liver

Question 55

Coagulative necrosis is the same with?

Answer 55

Infarction

Question 56

Infarction means?

Answer 56

Obstruction in an organ

Question 57

Type of necrosis where the necrotic area is soft and filled with fluid

Answer 57

LIQUEFACTIVE

Question 58

Organs that undergoes liquefactive necrosis

Answer 58

Brain Lungs Pulp

Question 59

Most common organ that undergoes liquefaction necrosis

Answer 59

Brain

Question 60

Type of necrosis present in tuberculotic lesion with the presences of proteinaceous cheesy materials

Answer 60

Caseous

Question 61

Necrosis combined with coagulative and liquefactive necrosis

Answer 61

Caseous

Question 62

Three most common type of necrosis

Answer 62

Coagulative Liquefactive Caseous

Question 63

Common necrosis in adipose tissues and pancreas.

Answer 63

Enzymatic necrosis

Question 64

The organ appears white-chalky deposit in enzymatic necrosis due to?

Answer 64

SAPONIFICATION

Question 65

Necrosis that occurs following severe injury to the tissues with high fat content

Answer 65

Trauma necrosis

Question 66

Organ affected by trauma necrosis

Answer 66

Breasts Subcutaneous tissue Abdomen

Question 67

Cells present in Trauma necrosis

Answer 67

Foam cells | Giant cells

Question 68

It is a connective tissue necrosis that affects the ARTERIAL wall.

Answer 68

FIBRINOID

Question 69

Firbrinoid is mostly seen in?

Answer 69

Rheumatic fever (Rheumatic heart disease0 Systemic lupus erythematosus Malignant hypertension

Question 70

Systemic lupus erythematosus symptoms

Answer 70

Butterfly rush or malar rush | Arthralgia

Question 71

Type of nerosis with superadded PUTREFACTION

Answer 71

GANGRENOUS

Question 72

Gangrenous type of necrosis caused by infections that appears MOIST

Answer 72

Wet gangrene

Question 73

Organ affected by wet gangrene

Answer 73

Appendicitis | Diabetic foot

Question 74

Gangrene due to occlusive vascular disease.

Answer 74

Dry gangrene

Question 75

Dry gangrene becomes black due to?

Answer 75

Breakdown of HEMOGLOBIN | formation of IRON SULFUR

Question 76

Common sites of gas gangrene

Answer 76

Muscles | Liver

Question 77

Most common gas gangrene

Answer 77

Myonecrosis

Question 78

Gas gangrene is caused by what microorganisms?

Answer 78

Clostridium perfringens

Question 79

What is necrobiosis?

Answer 79

Physiologic cell death

Question 80

What is apoptosis?

Answer 80

Programmed cell death