AMINO ACID - MINERALS Flashcards
It is the basic structural unit of protein
Amino acid
All amino acid found in proteins are in what configuration?
L-configuration
Proteins are bind together by?
PEPTIDE bonds
Peptide bonds are chemical bond between what two molecules?
alpha-CARBOXYL group of one molecule reacts with alpha-AMINO group.
What are the ESSENTIAL amino acids?
Phenylalanin Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine Leucine Lysine
Amino acids that can be synthesized in the body are called?
Non-essential amino acids
What are the Non-essential amino acids
Alanine Asparagine Aspartate Cysteine Tyrosine Glycine Glutamic acid Glutamin Proline Serine
Amino acid used for ketogenesis are said to be? examples are
Ketogenic such as Leucine and Lysine
Amino acid used for gluconeogenesis are said to be? examples are
Glucogenic such as Alanine Cysteine Glycine Serine Glutamate Glutamine Histidine Arginine Proline Aspartate Asparagine Methionine Valine
Amino acids that are both ketogenic and glucogenic
Isoleucine Tryptophan Phenylalanine Tyrosine Threonine
Non-polar amino acid divided into three
Aliphatic
Aromatic
Sulfur containing
Polar amino acid divided into two
Basic
Acidic
Aliphatic amino acids
Glycine Alanine Valine Leucine Isoleucine PROLINE (CYCLIC)
Aromatic amino acids
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Tyrosine
Sulfur containing amino acids
Methionine
Cysteine
Serine
Threonine
Basic amino acid
Lysine
Arginine
Histidine
Acidic amino acid
Aspartate
Glutamate
Amino acid produced by the body in sequence
Methionine Phenylalanine Glycine Serine Glycine Tryptophan Histidine Phenylalanine
The 7th amino acid produced by the body
Histidine
Amino acid that is the precursor of thyroid hormones and dopamine
Tyrosine
Amino acid that is the precursor of Tyrosine
Phenylalanine
Amino acid that is the precursor of NIACIN, SEROTONIN, and MELATONIN
Tryptophan
Amino acid that is the precursor of GABA
Glutamate
Amino acid that is the precursor of PORPHYRINS
Glycine
Amino acid that is the precursor of Histamine
Histidine
Protein that contains Gkycine, Alanine, and Proline
Elastin
most abundant protein in the body
Collagen
Amount of proline and lysine in collagen
Lysine 1/3
Proline 2/3
It is the coenzyme essential for normal amino acid synthesis.
Pyridoxal phosphate
The most neurotransmitter in the brain.
GABA
Amino acid where iron binds to form hemoglobin
Porphyrin
Which amino acid produces vasodilation?
Histidine
precursor of collagen
Proline
Copying of one code of DNA to make 2 strands
DNA Replication
Scientists who did the model of DNA during 1953
Watson and Crick
What enzyme is needed during DNA replication
RNA Polymerase
DNA replication starts with what carbon chain
5’ to 3’
It is the process of transferring genetic information from DNA to RNA
Transcription
It is the process that uses the coded infomation in RNA to assemble a protein in the cytoplasm (Amino acid to PROTEIN)
Translation
What sugar makes up the DNA backbone
Ribose
What makes up the DNA?
Carbon
Ribose
A class of RNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence to protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
messenger RNA (mRNA)
What are the nitrogen bases?
Purine
Pyrimidines
What are the PURINES
Adenine
Guanine
What are PYRIMIDINES
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
the subunits that are individually transported to the cytoplasm where they combine to form a functional ribosome during protein translation
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
RNA act as a link between an amino acid and the mRNA codon.
transfer RNA (tRNA)
What are the monosaccharides?
Mannose GLUCOSE RIBOSE FRUCTOSE Galactose
the main sugar in the body also found in dextrose
GLUCOSE
main sugar of DNA and RNA
RIBOSE
Main energy of sperm
FRUCTOSE
What are the DISACCHARIDES
Sucrose (glucose and fructose)
Maltose (glucose and glucose)
Lactose (glucose and galactose)
Most cariogenic sugar
SUCROSE
lease cariogenic sugar
Glucose
bevarages contains what sugar?
Sucrose
Soda contains what sugar?
Glucose
What are the polysaccharides?
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
They are not able to move in body fluids due to their hydrophobic nature so they are packaged in micellar structures called lipoproteins
LIPIDS
It is a naturally occuring ester of three fatty acids and glycerol that is the chief constituent of fats and oils.
Triglycerides
Trigycerides more abundant in what organs?
Liver
Heart
Skeletal muscles
In human body, high levels of TRIGLYCERIDE in the bloodstream has been linked to what diseases?
Atherosclerosis
Heart diseases
Stroke
Least dense lipoprotein that transports dietary triacylglycerol from the GIT to muscles, adipose tissue and liver. It contains the most triglycerides and least proteins.
CHYLOMICRONS
2nd fuel for energy
FATS
Lipoprotein that transports endogenous triglyceroids in the muscle and adipose tissue that also contains high content of triglycerides
Very Low-DENSITY lipoprotein (VLDL)
They are the primary plasma carriers of cholesterol that less triglycerides and more protein.
Low density lipoprotein (VDL)
Lipoprotein that contains MOST protein and cholesterol free
High density lipoprotein (HDL)
These are organic substances that must be provided in small quantities in the diet for the synthesis of co-factors essential for a variety of metabolic reaction
VITAMINS
2 types of vitamins
Water soluble
Lipid soluble
Vitamin essential for production of collagen that helps th skin and mucous membranes healthy and promotes differentiation of epithelial cells.
Vitamin A
The main source of VItamin A
Beta carotene
an antioxidant and protects against cancer
Beta carotene
Lipid soluble vitamins are absorbed where?
Duodenum
Deficiency in vitamin A leads to?
Nyctalopia or nightblindess
Pathognomonic sign of Vitamin A
Bitot sign
Bitot sign is the build up of what collagen in sclera?
Keratin
Deficient receptor in eyes that leads to night blindness
RODS
Vitamins essential for absorption of CALCIUM in the intestines
Vitamin D (Calciferol)
Form of calciferol found in dietary food or plants
D-2 Ergocalciferol
Form of calciferol produced by the SKIN
D-3 Cholecalciferol (inactive)
Deficiency in VITAMIN D leads to?
Rickets
Osteomalacia (50+)
Active form of D3
1, 25- dihydroxycholecalciferol
other name for 1, 25- dihydroxycholecalciferol
Calcitriol
Calcitriol is produced by what organ?
Kidney
Vitamin essential for nervous system development
Vitamin E
Other name for Vitamin E
Tocopherol
Vitamin that protects VITAMIN A and C and fatty acids
Tocopherol
Vitamin essential for the synthesis of several factors required for clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X
Vitamin K
Other name for vitamin K
Phytomenadione
vitamin that serves as a co-enzyme for carboxylation of inactive prothrombin to form active prothrombin
Vitamin K
Deficiency of Phytomenadione leads to
Hypoprothrombinemia
Water soluble vitamins are absorbed where?
Large intestines
Vitamin that helps release energy from food, promotes normal appetite and for the function of nervous system.
B1 (THIAMINE)
Deficiency of Thiamine leads to?
Beriberi
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Vitamin that promotes good vision and healthy vision
B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)
Deficiency of riboflavin leads to?
Angular cheilitis
Sore throat
Magenta tongue
other name for Angular cheilitis
Perleche
Vitamin that aids the digestion and energy production from the food by converting glucose to lactic acid (Nicotinamide)
B3 (Niacin or Nicotinic acid)
Deficiency of Niacin leads to?
Pellagra
3D disease in pellagra
Diarrhea
Dementia
Dermatitis
Vitamin that aids in protein metabolism and absorption and helps body use fats
B6 (Pyridoxine)
Deficiency in Pyridoxine
Glossitis
Seborrhic dermatitis
Vitamin that helps release energy from carbohydrates and aids in fat synthesis
B7 (Biotin)
An important component in the diet for binding biotin in the body to produce MALONYL coA
Avidin
Malonyl coA is for?
Fat synthesis
Deficiency in Biotin leads to?
Scaly dermatitis
Alopecia
Anemia
Form of B7 in diet?
Avidin
The 3 important fatty acid in the body are?
Arachidonic
Linoleic
Linolenic
Vitamin that aids in protein metabolism, promotes red blood cell formation, prevents birth defect of the spine and brain
B9 (Folate)
Deficiency of FOLATE leads to?
Megaloblastic anemia (macrocytic-type)
Vitamin that aidsin building of genetic materials and maintenance of nerrvous system
B12 Cyanocobalamin
Deficiency in Cyanocobalamin leads to?
Pernicious anemia (microcytic-type)
Most important vitamin in Nervous system
B12 CYANOCOBALAMIN
Mineral deficient in Pernicious anemia
Cobalt
Larger than usual rbc
Macrocytic-type
smaller than RBC
Microcytic type
Production of collagen
Vitamin A
Synthesis of collagen
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Deficiency in Vitamin C leads to?
Scurvy
Signs and symptoms of Scurvy
Poor wound healing
Ruptured capillaries leading to red spots
Gingival bleeding
Dentin and cementum decalcification
3 red spots in the skin
Petechiae
Purpura
Ecchymosis
Bruise on the skin
Ecchymosis
Other name of Vitamin H
Biotin
Most toxic of all vitamins
D,
Most common hypervitaminosis
Vitamin D and A
What is marasmus?
malnourishment due to lack of all nutrients, vitamins and proteins
Appearance of person with marasmus
Monkey face
What is kwashiorkor
Deficiency in proteins
Appearance of person with Kwahiorkor
Moon-face (edema)
Vitamins essential for tooth development
ACD
These are inorganic elements that are essential to life
Minerals
Mineral for bone and tooth formation, blood clotting, nerve transmission ad muscle contraction
CALCIUM
mineral as the primary ion determining the magnitude of fluid secretion
CHloride
Chloride acts on what organ?
Intestines
Mineral as the key factor in kinases involved in protein synthesis
Magnesium
Mineral for bone and tooth formation, acid-balance, release of energy
Phosphorus
Mineral for acid-base balance, body water balance, nerve function, muscle relaxation
Potassium
Mineral for acid-base balance, body water balance, nerve function
Sodium
Mineral for the constituent of active tissue compound , cartilage and tendons
Sulfur
Mineral as the master regulator of INSULIN
Chromium
Essential for vitamin B12 production
COBALT
Mineral essential for IRON metabolism
COPPER
replaces calcium to make teeth stronger
Fluoride
Mineral constituent of THYROID hormones, regulates energy metabolism
IODINE
Mineral constituent of hemoglobin and enzyme involved in energy metabolism
IRON
Mineral essential for the Immune system
ZINC
The most abundant trace minerals in the body
ZINC
The most significant result of lowered calcium in the body is
Irritation of nerves and muscles
Maintains the membrane potential of the body
Na-K
The only ion which is higher intracellularly than extracellularly
Potassium
Advantage of Fluoride in the teeth
Makes teeth more resistant to acid
Less susceptible to carries formation
Mineral mosty found in plants that grows above the ground
Potassium
Mineral mosty found in plants that grows below the ground
Sodium
Mineral lackingin person with muscle cramp
Potassium
Mineral needed by thymus for T-cell production
Zinc
