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Dental Boards Review > AMINO ACID - MINERALS > Flashcards

AMINO ACID - MINERALS Flashcards

1
Q

It is the basic structural unit of protein

A

Amino acid

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2
Q

All amino acid found in proteins are in what configuration?

A

L-configuration

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3
Q

Proteins are bind together by?

A

PEPTIDE bonds

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4
Q

Peptide bonds are chemical bond between what two molecules?

A

alpha-CARBOXYL group of one molecule reacts with alpha-AMINO group.

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5
Q

What are the ESSENTIAL amino acids?

A 
Phenylalanin
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine
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6
Q

Amino acids that can be synthesized in the body are called?

A

Non-essential amino acids

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7
Q

What are the Non-essential amino acids

A 
Alanine
Asparagine
Aspartate
Cysteine
Tyrosine
Glycine
Glutamic acid
Glutamin
Proline
Serine
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8
Q

Amino acid used for ketogenesis are said to be? examples are

A

Ketogenic such as Leucine and Lysine

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9
Q

Amino acid used for gluconeogenesis are said to be? examples are

A 
Glucogenic such as 
Alanine
Cysteine
Glycine
Serine
Glutamate
Glutamine
Histidine
Arginine
Proline
Aspartate
Asparagine
Methionine
Valine
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10
Q

Amino acids that are both ketogenic and glucogenic

A 
Isoleucine
Tryptophan
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Threonine
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11
Q

Non-polar amino acid divided into three

A

Aliphatic
Aromatic
Sulfur containing

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12
Q

Polar amino acid divided into two

A

Basic

Acidic

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13
Q

Aliphatic amino acids

A 
Glycine
Alanine
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
PROLINE (CYCLIC)
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14
Q

Aromatic amino acids

A

Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Tyrosine

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15
Q

Sulfur containing amino acids

A

Methionine
Cysteine
Serine
Threonine

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16
Q

Basic amino acid

A

Lysine
Arginine
Histidine

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17
Q

Acidic amino acid

A

Aspartate

Glutamate

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18
Q

Amino acid produced by the body in sequence

A 
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Glycine
Serine
Glycine
Tryptophan
Histidine
Phenylalanine
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19
Q

The 7th amino acid produced by the body

A

Histidine

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20
Q

Amino acid that is the precursor of thyroid hormones and dopamine

A

Tyrosine

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21
Q

Amino acid that is the precursor of Tyrosine

A

Phenylalanine

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22
Q

Amino acid that is the precursor of NIACIN, SEROTONIN, and MELATONIN

A

Tryptophan

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23
Q

Amino acid that is the precursor of GABA

A

Glutamate

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24
Q

Amino acid that is the precursor of PORPHYRINS

A

Glycine

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25
Q

Amino acid that is the precursor of Histamine

A

Histidine

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26
Q

Protein that contains Gkycine, Alanine, and Proline

A

Elastin

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27
Q

most abundant protein in the body

A

Collagen

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28
Q

Amount of proline and lysine in collagen

A

Lysine 1/3

Proline 2/3

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29
Q

It is the coenzyme essential for normal amino acid synthesis.

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

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30
Q

The most neurotransmitter in the brain.

A

GABA

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31
Q

Amino acid where iron binds to form hemoglobin

A

Porphyrin

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32
Q

Which amino acid produces vasodilation?

A

Histidine

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33
Q

precursor of collagen

A

Proline

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34
Q

Copying of one code of DNA to make 2 strands

A

DNA Replication

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35
Q

Scientists who did the model of DNA during 1953

A

Watson and Crick

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36
Q

What enzyme is needed during DNA replication

A

RNA Polymerase

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37
Q

DNA replication starts with what carbon chain

A

5’ to 3’

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38
Q

It is the process of transferring genetic information from DNA to RNA

A

Transcription

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39
Q

It is the process that uses the coded infomation in RNA to assemble a protein in the cytoplasm (Amino acid to PROTEIN)

A

Translation

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40
Q

What sugar makes up the DNA backbone

A

Ribose

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41
Q

What makes up the DNA?

A

Carbon

Ribose

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42
Q

A class of RNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence to protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

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43
Q

What are the nitrogen bases?

A

Purine

Pyrimidines

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44
Q

What are the PURINES

A

Adenine

Guanine

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45
Q

What are PYRIMIDINES

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

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46
Q

the subunits that are individually transported to the cytoplasm where they combine to form a functional ribosome during protein translation

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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47
Q

RNA act as a link between an amino acid and the mRNA codon.

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

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48
Q

What are the monosaccharides?

A 
Mannose
GLUCOSE
RIBOSE
FRUCTOSE
Galactose
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49
Q

the main sugar in the body also found in dextrose

A

GLUCOSE

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50
Q

main sugar of DNA and RNA

A

RIBOSE

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51
Q

Main energy of sperm

A

FRUCTOSE

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52
Q

What are the DISACCHARIDES

A

Sucrose (glucose and fructose)
Maltose (glucose and glucose)
Lactose (glucose and galactose)

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53
Q

Most cariogenic sugar

A

SUCROSE

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54
Q

lease cariogenic sugar

A

Glucose

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55
Q

bevarages contains what sugar?

A

Sucrose

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56
Q

Soda contains what sugar?

A

Glucose

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57
Q

What are the polysaccharides?

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

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58
Q

They are not able to move in body fluids due to their hydrophobic nature so they are packaged in micellar structures called lipoproteins

A

LIPIDS

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59
Q

It is a naturally occuring ester of three fatty acids and glycerol that is the chief constituent of fats and oils.

A

Triglycerides

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60
Q

Trigycerides more abundant in what organs?

A

Liver
Heart
Skeletal muscles

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61
Q

In human body, high levels of TRIGLYCERIDE in the bloodstream has been linked to what diseases?

A

Atherosclerosis
Heart diseases
Stroke

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62
Q

Least dense lipoprotein that transports dietary triacylglycerol from the GIT to muscles, adipose tissue and liver. It contains the most triglycerides and least proteins.

A

CHYLOMICRONS

63
Q

2nd fuel for energy

A

FATS

64
Q

Lipoprotein that transports endogenous triglyceroids in the muscle and adipose tissue that also contains high content of triglycerides

A

Very Low-DENSITY lipoprotein (VLDL)

65
Q

They are the primary plasma carriers of cholesterol that less triglycerides and more protein.

A

Low density lipoprotein (VDL)

66
Q

Lipoprotein that contains MOST protein and cholesterol free

A

High density lipoprotein (HDL)

67
Q

These are organic substances that must be provided in small quantities in the diet for the synthesis of co-factors essential for a variety of metabolic reaction

A

VITAMINS

68
Q

2 types of vitamins

A

Water soluble

Lipid soluble

69
Q

Vitamin essential for production of collagen that helps th skin and mucous membranes healthy and promotes differentiation of epithelial cells.

A

Vitamin A

70
Q

The main source of VItamin A

A

Beta carotene

71
Q

an antioxidant and protects against cancer

A

Beta carotene

72
Q

Lipid soluble vitamins are absorbed where?

A

Duodenum

73
Q

Deficiency in vitamin A leads to?

A

Nyctalopia or nightblindess

74
Q

Pathognomonic sign of Vitamin A

A

Bitot sign

75
Q

Bitot sign is the build up of what collagen in sclera?

A

Keratin

76
Q

Deficient receptor in eyes that leads to night blindness

A

RODS

77
Q

Vitamins essential for absorption of CALCIUM in the intestines

A

Vitamin D (Calciferol)

78
Q

Form of calciferol found in dietary food or plants

A

D-2 Ergocalciferol

79
Q

Form of calciferol produced by the SKIN

A

D-3 Cholecalciferol (inactive)

80
Q

Deficiency in VITAMIN D leads to?

A

Rickets

Osteomalacia (50+)

81
Q

Active form of D3

A

1, 25- dihydroxycholecalciferol

82
Q

other name for 1, 25- dihydroxycholecalciferol

A

Calcitriol

83
Q

Calcitriol is produced by what organ?

A

Kidney

84
Q

Vitamin essential for nervous system development

A

Vitamin E

85
Q

Other name for Vitamin E

A

Tocopherol

86
Q

Vitamin that protects VITAMIN A and C and fatty acids

A

Tocopherol

87
Q

Vitamin essential for the synthesis of several factors required for clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X

A

Vitamin K

88
Q

Other name for vitamin K

A

Phytomenadione

89
Q

vitamin that serves as a co-enzyme for carboxylation of inactive prothrombin to form active prothrombin

A

Vitamin K

90
Q

Deficiency of Phytomenadione leads to

A

Hypoprothrombinemia

91
Q

Water soluble vitamins are absorbed where?

A

Large intestines

92
Q

Vitamin that helps release energy from food, promotes normal appetite and for the function of nervous system.

A

B1 (THIAMINE)

93
Q

Deficiency of Thiamine leads to?

A

Beriberi

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

94
Q

Vitamin that promotes good vision and healthy vision

A

B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)

95
Q

Deficiency of riboflavin leads to?

A

Angular cheilitis
Sore throat
Magenta tongue

96
Q

other name for Angular cheilitis

A

Perleche

97
Q

Vitamin that aids the digestion and energy production from the food by converting glucose to lactic acid (Nicotinamide)

A

B3 (Niacin or Nicotinic acid)

98
Q

Deficiency of Niacin leads to?

A

Pellagra

99
Q

3D disease in pellagra

A

Diarrhea
Dementia
Dermatitis

100
Q

Vitamin that aids in protein metabolism and absorption and helps body use fats

A

B6 (Pyridoxine)

101
Q

Deficiency in Pyridoxine

A

Glossitis

Seborrhic dermatitis

102
Q

Vitamin that helps release energy from carbohydrates and aids in fat synthesis

A

B7 (Biotin)

103
Q

An important component in the diet for binding biotin in the body to produce MALONYL coA

A

Avidin

104
Q

Malonyl coA is for?

A

Fat synthesis

105
Q

Deficiency in Biotin leads to?

A

Scaly dermatitis
Alopecia
Anemia

106
Q

Form of B7 in diet?

A

Avidin

107
Q

The 3 important fatty acid in the body are?

A

Arachidonic
Linoleic
Linolenic

108
Q

Vitamin that aids in protein metabolism, promotes red blood cell formation, prevents birth defect of the spine and brain

A

B9 (Folate)

109
Q

Deficiency of FOLATE leads to?

A

Megaloblastic anemia (macrocytic-type)

110
Q

Vitamin that aidsin building of genetic materials and maintenance of nerrvous system

A

B12 Cyanocobalamin

111
Q

Deficiency in Cyanocobalamin leads to?

A

Pernicious anemia (microcytic-type)

112
Q

Most important vitamin in Nervous system

A

B12 CYANOCOBALAMIN

113
Q

Mineral deficient in Pernicious anemia

A

Cobalt

114
Q

Larger than usual rbc

A

Macrocytic-type

115
Q

smaller than RBC

A

Microcytic type

116
Q

Production of collagen

A

Vitamin A

117
Q

Synthesis of collagen

A

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

118
Q

Deficiency in Vitamin C leads to?

A

Scurvy

119
Q

Signs and symptoms of Scurvy

A

Poor wound healing
Ruptured capillaries leading to red spots
Gingival bleeding
Dentin and cementum decalcification

120
Q

3 red spots in the skin

A

Petechiae
Purpura
Ecchymosis

121
Q

Bruise on the skin

A

Ecchymosis

122
Q

Other name of Vitamin H

A

Biotin

123
Q

Most toxic of all vitamins

A

D,

124
Q

Most common hypervitaminosis

A

Vitamin D and A

125
Q

What is marasmus?

A

malnourishment due to lack of all nutrients, vitamins and proteins

126
Q

Appearance of person with marasmus

A

Monkey face

127
Q

What is kwashiorkor

A

Deficiency in proteins

128
Q

Appearance of person with Kwahiorkor

A

Moon-face (edema)

129
Q

Vitamins essential for tooth development

A

ACD

130
Q

These are inorganic elements that are essential to life

A

Minerals

131
Q

Mineral for bone and tooth formation, blood clotting, nerve transmission ad muscle contraction

A

CALCIUM

132
Q

mineral as the primary ion determining the magnitude of fluid secretion

A

CHloride

133
Q

Chloride acts on what organ?

A

Intestines

134
Q

Mineral as the key factor in kinases involved in protein synthesis

A

Magnesium

135
Q

Mineral for bone and tooth formation, acid-balance, release of energy

A

Phosphorus

136
Q

Mineral for acid-base balance, body water balance, nerve function, muscle relaxation

A

Potassium

137
Q

Mineral for acid-base balance, body water balance, nerve function

A

Sodium

138
Q

Mineral for the constituent of active tissue compound , cartilage and tendons

A

Sulfur

139
Q

Mineral as the master regulator of INSULIN

A

Chromium

140
Q

Essential for vitamin B12 production

A

COBALT

141
Q

Mineral essential for IRON metabolism

A

COPPER

142
Q

replaces calcium to make teeth stronger

A

Fluoride

143
Q

Mineral constituent of THYROID hormones, regulates energy metabolism

A

IODINE

144
Q

Mineral constituent of hemoglobin and enzyme involved in energy metabolism

A

IRON

145
Q

Mineral essential for the Immune system

A

ZINC

146
Q

The most abundant trace minerals in the body

A

ZINC

147
Q

The most significant result of lowered calcium in the body is

A

Irritation of nerves and muscles

148
Q

Maintains the membrane potential of the body

A

Na-K

149
Q

The only ion which is higher intracellularly than extracellularly

A

Potassium

150
Q

Advantage of Fluoride in the teeth

A

Makes teeth more resistant to acid

Less susceptible to carries formation

151
Q

Mineral mosty found in plants that grows above the ground

A

Potassium

152
Q

Mineral mosty found in plants that grows below the ground

A

Sodium

153
Q

Mineral lackingin person with muscle cramp

A

Potassium

154
Q

Mineral needed by thymus for T-cell production

A

Zinc

Dental Boards Review (34 decks)

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