Reproductive System Flashcards
Term for the primary reproductive organs
Gonads
Testes in male is homologous to
Ovaries
Epididymis in male is homologous to
Gartner’s duct
Cowper’s gland in male is homologous to
Bartholin’s gland
Prostate gland in male is homologous to
SKENE’s gland
Penis in male is homologous to
Clitoris
Scrotum in male is homologous to
Labia majora
Reproductive male organ that are suspended outside the abdomen in the SCORTUM
TESTES
Testes is surrounded bu a thick capsule of?
Tunica albuginea
Testes develops from?
Wolffian duct
between the right and left testes, which is placed more lower?
Left testes
Reason why left testes is more lower?
increase pampiniform venous
The site of spermatogenesis
seminiferous tubules
Seminiferous tubules are lined with?
Columnar epithelium
Spermatogenesis lasts for how many days?
64 days
Spermatogenesis is the formation of?
Spermatogonium
Precursor of Sperm
Spermatid
process of spermatogenesis
Spermatogonium > primary spermatocyte > secondary spermatocyte> Spermatid > Sperm
Site of Maturation and storage of sperm cell
Epididymis
Epididymis is lined with?
Pseudostratified columnar
This structure transport sperm cell to ejaculatory duct.
Vas deferens
Other name for vas deferens
Ductus deferens
Ductus deferens is lined with?
Pseudostratified columnar
Accessory gland developed from the vas deferens
Seminal vesicle
Location of seminal vesicle
Behind the Urinary bladder
Function of seminal vesicle
produces semen and Fructose
Fluid that contains sperm
Semen
Energy of sperm comes from what monosaccharide
Fructose
Prostate gland is found where?
Neck of Urinary bladder
Function of prostate gland
produces alkaline mucus
Cowper’s gland is found where?
Below the urinary bladder
other name for cowper’s gland
Bulbourethral gland
All of the following accessory gland is found?
Urinary bladder
Cell in testes that secretes inhibin and androgen-binding protein
Sertoli cell
other name for Sertoli cell
Sustentacular
Sertoli cell is induced by what hormone?
Follicle stimulating hormone
protein that stops the production of sperm
Inhibin
Cell that secretes testosterone mainly for sperm cell production
Leydig cell
Other name fore Leydig cell
Interstitial cell
Leydig cell is induced by what hormone?
Luteinizing hormone
Testosterone binds to what protein
Androgen-binding protein (ABP)
hormone that sends signal to sustentacular cell to secretes inhibin and ABP
FSH
What maintains the blood-testis barrier?
Sertoli cell
other name for blood-testis barrier
Sertoli cell barrier
What is the cell responsible for sperm cell production?
Leydig cell
What is vasectomy?
Complete surgical removal of vas deferens
After having vasectomy, male can still ejaculate but with what fluid?
Semen without sperm
What is semen?
Fluid that covers sperm
What is the mechanism of action of VIAGRA (blue pill)?
Increases nitric oxide
Viagra is used for?
Erectile dysfunction
Nitric oxide acts on the body by
Dilating the blood vessel which causes more testosterone to penis (muscle) causing erection
2 muscles in testes
Dartos and cremaster muscle
Muscle that contracts the testes causing wrinkling of scrotum
Dartos muscle
Muscle that pulls the testes towards the body
Cremaster muscle
a superficial reflex found in human males that is elicited when the skin in testes is stroked.
Cremasteric reflex
True or False. Testes is heat-sensitive.
True
The active component of viagra
Sildenafil citrate
Age when prostate becomes enlarged
45 years old
Enlargement of prostate gland is caused by?
Benign nodular hyperplasia
The second most common cancer in male.
Prostate cancer
most common cancer in male
Lung cancer
Sign that indicates the prostate gland has become enlarged
Difficulty in urinating
Female reproductive organ that contains MAMMARY GLAND with 15-25 lobes of ALVEOLI
Breasts
Other structures aside from mammary gland present in breasts
lymph nodes
adipose tissue
Location of breasts
Lies on the PECTORALIS MAJOR muscle
It is the main suspensory ligament of the breasts
Cooper’s ligament
these are the star-shaped specialized contractile cell for secretion of milk
Myoepithelial cells
the ink-brown pigmented region surrounding the nipple
Areola
Produces the milk
Alveoli
Responsible for pain on the nipple area
T4 dermotome
process of producing milk inalveoli
Lactation
Lactation begins at what trimester of pregnancy
2nd trimester
major hormone stimulating the production of milk
PROLACTIN
hormone that secretes milk
Oxytocin
reflex that stimulates the surge of prolactin production
Suckling reflex
what organ stimulates suckling reflex
Lips
Difference between suckling and sucking
Suckling uses lips
Sucking uses lips and buccinator
Milk components
Water Protein Fats Lactose Iron (lowest) Antibodies Growth hormone Neuropeptides Endogenous opioids
Oxytocin is produced?
Paraventricular
A watery fluid produced by the breast 24-48 hours after delivery that marks the beginning of milk secretion
Colostrum
Reproductive tract in female originated in
Mullerian duct
the most acidic environment in female reproductive organ
Vagina
Vagina is acidic due to?
having normal biota LACTOBACILLUS
The only microorganism that resist the most acidic environment
Lactobacillus
contains the most abundant MUCUS content
CERVIX
The site of embryonic and fetal development
Uterus
Lining of uterus that is the main layer involved during menstrual cycle
Endometrium
Site of implantation of zygote
Endometrium
hormone increased during menstruation
Progesterone
Why female undergo menstruation?
Prepare endometrium for pregnancy
The layer of uterus that contains muscle contraction
Myometrium
The outer serous coat of the uterus
Perimetrium
Fallopian tube is lined with?
Simple ciliated columnar
Other name for fallopian tube
Oviduct
It is the site of fertilization
Ampulla of oviduct
Other name for fertilization
Amphimixis
four stages of embryonic development
Zygote > Blastomere > Morula > Blastula
What androgen is increased during menstruation?
progesterone
cell that produces OVUM
Follicle cell
A follicle cell without oyum
Corpeus luteum
Corpus luteum once emptied will produce what androgen?
Estrogen and Progesterone
Process of oogenesis
Oogonium > primary oocyte > secondary oocyte > oocyte (zona pellucida)
Precursor of oocyte
Secondary oocyte
the thick transparent membrane surrounding a mammalian ovum before implantation.
Zona pellucida
Cell that is the binding site of Estrogen
Granulosa cell
Hormone that induces granulosa cell
FSH
the binding site of progesterone in ovary
Theca cell
LH in male induces what cell?
Leydig cell
What is the content of oral contraceptive?
Synthetic progesterone
Drug that has synthetic progesterone
Progestins
What is the surgical removal of uterus and uterine artery?
Hysterectomy
Menstrual cycle lasts for?
28 days
Phase of mentrual cycle that lasts for 3-5 days
Menstrual phase
in Menstrual phase, what androgen is increased?
progesterone
It is the highest peak of Fertilization
proliferative phase
Proliferative phase lasts for
10-14 days
Proliferative phase, what androgen is increased?
Estrogen
Androgen increased in secretory phase
Estrogen
Surge of LH is due to
shifting in anterior pituitary gland secretion
Phase in menstrual cycle that lasts for 12-16 days
Luteal phase
what androgen is increased during luteal phase?
Progesterone
drug that suppresses ovulation process
Oral contraceptives (progestins)
Adverse effect of oral contraceptives
Thromboembolism
Phase target by oral contraceptive is?
secretory phase
Pregnancy lasts for how many days?
280 days
Indicator of prenancy is
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
What happens during first trimester?
Estogen (estradiol) is increased
Organogenesis
Embryo-fetus development
No drugs in all form unless life threatening
What happens during second trimester?
Progesterone is increased
Presence of heart beat
Safest for dental procedure
What happens during third trimester?
Organs are functional
What is the most abundant type of estrogen?
Estradiol
Enlargement of breast and uterus during pregnancy is due to?
Hyperplasia
Teratogenecity is?
effect of drug causing congenital effect
Antibiotic safe for pregnant woman
Amoxicillin
Stages of fertilization
zygote > blastomere > morula > blastula > gastrulation
union of sperm and egg cell
zygote
zygote forms in?
Ampulla of oviduct
protected by a layer of glycoptrotein called Zona pellucida
Ovum (haploid)
sperm cell (haploid) binds to zona pellucida via
Acrosomal reactions
a series of biochemical reaction that the sperm uses to break through the zona pellucida
Acrosomal reaction
A type of cell produced cleavage (cell division) and it is essential for formation of blastula
Blastomere
A solid ball of cells resulting from division of BLASTOMERE in which blastula is formed
Morula
Formed when zygote undergoes rapid cell division
Blastula
is the spherical layer of cells surrounding the yolk cavity
blastoderm
when the cells of blastula re-arrange themselves spatially to form gell cell layers
Gastrulation
germ cell layer that gives rise to the nervous system and epidermis
Ectoderm
germ cell layer that give rise to muscle cells and connective tissues
Mesoderm
germ cell layer that give rise to digestive system and visceral organs
Endoderm
Structures derived from ECTODERM
Parotid gland Lens Anterior pituitary gland Mammary gland Enamel Epithelial linings of anus Epidermis Cochlea and vestibule
Structures derived from Neuro-ectoderm
Neurons Astrocytes Posterior pituitary gland Retina Oligodendrocyte
Structures derived from Neural crest cell
Cranial nerves and ganglion Adrenal medulla Schwann cells Satellite cell Pia and arachnoid Parafollicular cells Intra-ocular muscle
Structures derived from Mesoderm
Dermis Dura mater Adrenal cortex Mesenchymal cells Bones and cartilages Blood and lymph vessels Skeletal, smooth and cardiac Spleen Heart Extra-ocular muscle Kidneys Testes and ovaries Tooth structures except enamel
Structures derived from endoderm
Auditory tube Vagina Epithelial lining of: GI tract, Trachea, Bronchi, and lungs Biliary apparatus Urinary bladder, urethra Middle ear Major salivary glands ecept. Parotid Parenchymal cells
Main cell of mesoderm
Mesenchymal cells
Main cell of endoderm
Parenchymal cells
Macrophage of brain
Microglia
most numerous neuroglia
Astrocyte
What hormone is elevated during Menstrual phase?
LH
What hormone is elevated during pregnancy?
Progesterone (second and third)
What hormone is elevated during laboring?
Oxytocin
Fake oxytocin
Pitocin
Where is the most common location of ectopic pregnancy?
Fallopian tube
What is the surgical incision of the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall during stage of labor?
Episiotomy
What is the most common infection after delivery?
Puerperal fever by Streptococcus infection
