Histology Flashcards
The study of microanatomy of cells, tissues and organs
Histology
Units of measurements in microscopy
Angstrom
Micrometer
Micron
The father of Microscopic Anatomy and Histology
Marcello Malphigi
He discovered the microscope
Leeuwen Hoek
It is the basic structural unit of life
Cell
Differences between prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic- no true nucleus, found in bacteria, cell membrane not defined, Binary fission and contains one copy of each gene- Haploid
Eukaryotic- True nucleus, found in Animal, Plant, Fungi, and unicellular organisms, defined cell membrane, undergoes Meiosis and Mitosis
First growth phase of the cell
G1 Phase
Dna synthesis where TWO sister chromatids are produced
S- phase
Second growth phase of the cell
G2 Phase
preparation or resting phase for MITOSIS
Interphase
Majority of life cells are in what phase?
Interphase
Phase where in chromosome condense and become visible “PAIR UP”
Prophase
Phase where mitotic spindle apparatus forms at the opposite poles of the cell.
Prophase
Mitotic spindle is made up of?
MICROTUBULE
Chromosome checkpoint
Metaphase
Phase where chromosome align at the equatrial plate and held in place by microtubules.
Metaphase
Phase where sister chromatids and centromere separate and move toward the oppsite poles
Anaphase
phase when daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and microtubules disappear.
Telophase
Phase where the last stage of Mitosis when there is Cleavage furrow
Cytokinesis
Chromosome with shorter arm
P- arm
Chromosome with longer arm
Q-arm
Pat of a cell that is made up of semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer
Cell membrane
Cell membrane is also known as
Plasma membrane / Cytoplasmic membrane
The major constituents of cell membrane
Lipid and Proteins
The major Non-Phospholipid constituent of cell membrane
Cholesterol
The fluid found inside the cell where organelles are suspended
Cytoplasm
These are tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell and are embedded within the cytoplasm
Organelle
A double membrane organelle containing the genetic information carried by DNA
Nucleus
Contains RNA for ribosomal synthesis (rRNA)
Nucleolus
a double membrane orhganelle that is the powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondira
ATP production in mitochondira is?
KREBS CYCLE
ATP becomes ADP via?
Oxidative phosphorylation
It is the lipid that participates in mitchondira electron transport.
Ubiquinone
Organelle that contain ribosome for protein synthesis
Rough (granular) endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER is most abundant in what organ?
Thyroid gland
Organelle that has no ribosome but for lipid and glycogen synthesis also for DRUG DETOXIFICATION
Smooth ER
Smooth ER is most abundant in what organ?
LIVER
A non-membrane organelle for protein synthesis, also known as protein factory
Ribosome
The packaging molecule of the cell that contain secretory vesicles and curved, flattened CISTERNAE parallel to each other.
Golgi apparatus
Digestive system of the cell that contains hyrdolytic enzymes responsible for degradation
Lysosome
2 hydrolytic enzyme of lysosome
Creatine kinase
Lactate dehydrogenase
The only cell not necessary for cell matabolism
Lysosome
Organelle for breakdown of toxic products in the cell
Peroxisome
Organelle that acts as the framework to support the organelles
Cytoskeleton
Composition of cytoskeleton for absorption
Microvilli
Stereocilia
Composition of cytoskeleton for motility, contains AXONEME and has 9+2 arangement
Cilia
What is a tissue?
Formed by the cells of the body
Four basic types of tissue
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Types of epithelial tissue and function
Squamous- for diffusion, lining, protection
Cuboidal- storage and absorption
Columnar- secretion
Structure lined with simple squamous
Endothelial lining of blood vessel
Thin segment of ascending loop of henle
Alveoli of lungs
Structure lined with simple stratified
Epidermis
oral mucosa
esophagus
vagina
Structures lined with simple cuboidal
Thyroid follicle
ducts of glands except Parotid
Kidneys except thin segment
Structures lined with stratified cuboidal
sweat gland ducts
Structures lined with simple ciliated columnar
Fallopian tube
Structures lined with simple non-ciliated columnar
cells of gallbladder
intestines
Structures lined with stratified columnar
STENSEN’s duct
Structures lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Trachea and upper respiratory tract
Sinus
Structures lined with pseudostratified non-ciliated cilumnar
Other female reproductive tract
Structures lined with transitional
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Intestines
Tissue that binds and support other tissues
Connective tissue
Connective tissue contains?
Contains blood bone connective tissue proper adipose cartilages
Type of connective junctions of cell act as barrier in the body
Zona occludens
Other name for zona occludens
Sealing strands
Type of connective junctions of cell that serve as attachment of adjacent epithelial cells
Zona adherens
Other name for Zona adherens
Hemidesmosome
Type of connective junctions of cell that hold the same type of cell together
Macula adherens
Other name for macula adherens
Desmosome
Type of connective junctions of cell that act as communicaation between adjacent cells
Gap junctions
The most abundant protein in the body, found in extracellular matrix.
Collagen
Extracellular matrix is found mostly in
Basement membrane
Type 1 collagen
Bone (mosrt) Dentin Fibrous cartilage Cementum (I and III) PDL (I and III) Pulp Alveolar bone Sclera
Type 2 collagen
Hyaline and Elastic cartilage
Type 3 collagen
Loose connective tissue
Dermis (most abundant)
Blood vessels
Type 4 collagen
Basement membrane
An avascular and a SPECIALIZED connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage mostly found in?
Ribs
Nose
Larynx
Trachea
Fibrous cartilage mostly found in?
Intervertebral disc
Joints
Ligaments
Elastic cartilage mostly found in?
External ear
Epiglottis
Eustachian tube
Larynx
A muscle to bone attachment made up of DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Tendon
A BONE TO BONE attachment
Ligament
Bone formation where in hyaline becomes bone
Endochondral ossification
Bone formation made entirely from bone
Intramembranous bone formation
These are the ground substances served as the important structure in connective tissue
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Type of GAGs found in cartilage
Chondroitin sulfate
Type of GAGs found in cornea and loose connective tissue
Keratan sulfate
Type of GAGs found in basement membrane
Heparan sulfate
Type of GAGs found in skin and vascular tissues
Dermatan sulfate
Type of GAGs found in vitreous humor, synovial fluid and ECM
Hyaluronic acid
Type of tissue for locomotion
Muscular tissue
Types of muscle and its characteristics
Skeletal: voluntary, striated and ,ultinucleated
Smooth: involuntary,, non-striated and uni-nucleated
Cardiac: incoluntary, striated and uni-nucleated
Tissue for the response to stimuli and transmit impulse, has a high degree of conductivity and irritability
Nervous tissue