Meninges-Somatic Nervous System Flashcards
The outermost and thickest meninges.
Dura mater
4 infoldings of dura mater
Falx Cerebri
Tentorium Cerebella
Falx cerebella
Diaphragm sella
the largest infoldings and separates cerebral hemisphere
Falx Cerebri
Infoldings that separates Cerebellum and Occipital bone
Tentorium Cerebella
It contains DURAL venous sinuses
Tentorium Cerebella
What are the 3 dural venous sinuses?
Straight sinus
Transverse sinus
Superior petrosal sinus
Infoldings that separates the Cerebellum and hemispheres
falx cerebella
It covers the pituitary gland
Diaphragm sella
BQ. Are right and left hemisphere symmetrical or asymmetrical?
Asymmetrical
What hemisphere focuses more on art and music and which person is more creative?
Right hemisphere
What hemisphere focuses more on science and math, good in reasoning and writing?
Left hemisphere
Also known as the masters gland of endocrine system
pituitary gland
Pituitary gland is connected to what part of the brain?
Hypothalamus
Endocrine center if the brain
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland is derived from what brain vesicle?
Diencephalon
Meninge that protects the Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid space
Meninge that is closes to the brain
Pia mater
What controls other endocrine gland?
Pituitary gland
BQ. Main nutrients of the brain
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
BQ. In between what Mininges the Subarachnoid space is found?
Arachnoid and Pia Matter
Production site of CSF
Choroid plexus of the ventricles of brain
What cell produces CSF?
Epindymal cells
Location of CSF
Subarachnoid space
What is the pathway of CSF?
Lateral ventricle >Foramen Monroe > Third ventricle > Aqueduct of SYLVIUS> Fourth ventricle > Foramen LUSCHKA (lateral) >Foramen Magendie (medial)
What procedure that aspirates the CSF?
Spinal tap
In doing spinal tap, tip of needle should be at what meninge?
Subarachnoid space
Is the functional unit of Nervous system
Neurons
Ventricle is for what?
production site
Amount of neurons in the body
86B-100 billion
The least cell that regenerates / incapable of mitosis
Neurons
Part of neurons that receives the information from the other neuron.
Dendrites
Part of neuron that contains the nucleus
Body
Other name for BODY
Soma
These are the ribosomal representation of the neurons
NISSL Bodies
Function of NISSL bodies
Protein synthesis
Part of neurons that carries the information AWAY from the body
Axon
Part of Axon that controls the firing of neurons
Axon hillocks
Fatty substance around the Axon for good conduction
MYELIN SHEATH
These are the gap of myelin Sheath.
Nodes of ranvier
The HAIR LIKE end part of the Axon
Axon terminal
Jumping of how many nodes of ranvier is made for fast conduction
2-3 nodes
Space between neurons
Synapse
Protein found in the synapse
Neurotransmitters
Most common neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Types of nerve fibers base on the diameter of the Axon
Group A
Group B
Group C
Largest nerve fibers which is also a myelinated nerve that have the fastest conduction
Group A (large)
Nerve fiber for somatic motor
Group A- alpha
Nerve fiber for touch and pressure
GroupA Beta
Nerve fiber for SHARP PAIN, cold and touch
Group A- Delta
Nerve fiber for muscle spindle apparatus
Group A Gamma
NERVE FIBER present during Electric pulp test
Group A Delta
Nerve fiber most commonly found in Pre-Ganglionic Autonomic nervous system
Group B
Nerve fiber that is UNMYELINATED for slow pain and temperature sensation
Group C (small)
Most numerous nerve fibers
Group C (small)
Nerve fiber that is affected FIRST by anesthesia
Group C
Nerve fiber that is AFFECTED LAST by anesthesia
Group A
Is the conduction of nerve impulse in MYELINATED
Saltatory conduction
m/sec of saltatory conduction
120m/sec
Is the conduction of nerve impulse in UNMYELINATED
Continuous conduction
m/sec of continuous conduction
1.2m/sec
Nerve fibers present in the pulp
A-Delta and C-fiber
the support cells in nervous system and had the ability to regenerate
Neuroglia
amount of neuroglia in the body
84 billion
Neuroglia that helps to maintain
Homeostasis
satellite
Neuroglia that produces CSF
Ependymal cells
Neuroglia that support the blood supply of the brain
Astrocytes
Produces myelin Sheath in the PNS
SCHWANN
Produces myelin Sheath in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Is made up of 31 Paired spinal nerves
Spinal cord
Spinal nerves originates from
medulla oblongata
Spinal nerves passes through what foramen?
Foramen magnum of occipital bone
Gray matter in spinal cord is located _____
White matter _____
Gray- inner
White- outer
Motor fiber part of spinal cord
Anterior or ventral horn
Sensory fiber of spinal cord
Dorsal/ Posterior horn
Spinal tracts of Spinal cord
Lateral spinothalamic Anterior spinothalamic Tectospinal Vestibulospinal Reticulospinal
Spinal tract for pain and temperature
Lateral spinothalamic
Spinal tract for touch and pressure
Anterior spinothalamic
Spinal tract for movement of the head
Tectospinal
spinal tract for equilibrium
Vestibulospinal
Spinal tract for muscle tone and sweat glands
Reticulospinal
What part of brain responsible for balance?
Cerebellum
Vertebrae contains ____typical, _____ Atypical
31 typical
2 atypical
A fibrocartilage found between the two vertebrae
Intervertebral disc
The articulating part of the vertebrae
Spinous process
The lateral projections for attachment of muscle and articulation of ribs
Transverse process
Transverse process is more prominent in what vertebrae?
Thoracic vertebrae
Passageway of Spinal nerves
Vertebral foramen
Vertebrae that supports the head
Cervical Vertebrae
Atlas connects to the occipital bone via?
Ligament Nuchae
Ligamentum nuchae runs from?
C1-C6
It contains Dens or Odontoid process “tooth-like” process
Axis
Vertebral artery enters C6 via what foramen?
Transverse foramen
Transverse foramen is present only in
C1 to C6
The most prominent in all vertebrae
C7
Vertebrae for the protection of heart and lungs
Thoracic vertebrae
Heart shaped vertebrae
Thoracic
vertebrae with no spinous process
C1
vertebrae with no intervertebral disc
C1 and C2
Vertebrae responsible for bearing the weight of the body
Lumbar
kidney shaped vertebrae
Lumbar
what vertebrae termination of spinal nerves occur
L2
Vertebrae where cauda equina arises
L3
Site for Spinal tap procedure
L4-L5
Bones that protects the spinal cord
Vertebrae
They are the movable vertebrae
C1 to L5
Reason why atlas and axis are very movable
absence of intervertebral disc
Fused 5 bones for forming the HIP joint
Sacrum
Fused 4 bones
Coccyx
What is C-1 fracture?
Jefferson’s fracture
What is C-2 fracture?
Hangman fracture
What is Atlanto-occipital joint?
for nodding, saying yes, or for Vertical motion
What is Atlanto-axial joint?
for saying No or horizontal motion
Vertebrae that are Concave
Cervical and Lumbar
Vertebrae that are Convex
Thoracic and Sacrum
structure present in AXIS that is responsible for saying NO
Dens
Abnormal lateral (side to side) curve of the spine
Scoliosis
Abnormal front to back curve of the spine
Kyphosis
Vertebrae affected by Kyphosis
Thoracic
other term for kyphosis
Hunchback
Abnormal curve with no regular pattern
Lordosis
Vertebrae affected by Lordosis
Lumbar
other terms for Lordosis
Swayback, kyphoscoliosis
Between what vertebrae SLIPPED DISC commonly occurs
LumboSacral
Appliance for scoliosis
Milwaukee brace
inflammation of bone
Ankylosis
Inflammation of spine
Spondylitis
Disease that mainly affects the spine
Marie-Strumpell disease
other name for Marie - strumpell disease
Ankylosing spondylitis
BQ. Marie-Strumpell disease affects what bone?
Spine
System that is associated with the voluntary control of the body via skeletal muscles
Somatic Nervous System
Last foramen where vertebral artery passes through
Foramen magnum
Reflexes involving Cranial nerves
Pupillary Light Reflex Accomodation Jaw-jerk reflex Corneal reflex Glabellar reflex Gag reflex
cranial nerve responsible for Gag reflex
sensory - IX and motor - X
Cranial nerve responsible for Pupillary Light Reflex
S-II
M-III
Cranial nerve responsible for Jaw - Jerk reflex
S- V
M- V
Cranial nerves responsible for Corneal reflex
S- V1
M- VII
Cranial nerves responsible for Glabellar reflex
S- V
M- VII
C-1 is in level with what structure?
hard palate
C-2 is in level with what structures
Occluded Mx and Mn teeth
C3 is in level with what structure?
mandible or Hyoid bone
level of what vertebra, the carotid artery bifurcates
C4
vertebra in level with Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
C5
Level of what vertebra the esophagus starts
C6
Most inferior portion of trachea
Carina
Carina and sternal angle are in level of what vertebra
T4
Diaphragm is for inspiration or expiration?
inspiration
T8 is on level of what opening in the diaphragm
Caval opening
structure that passes to the caval opening
Inferior vena cava
T10 is in level of what opening of the diaphragm?
Esophageal
T 12 is in level of what opening in the diaphragm
Aortic opening
