Muscular Sytem Flashcards
It is the functional unit of a muscle
muscle Fiber
Contractions of muscles depends on
Myofilaments
T/F: All types of muscles have unlimited capacity of regeneration.
False - Limited
functions of muscular system
Movement
Maintenance of posture
Stabilize the joint
Generation of heat
Least function of muscular sytem
Generation of heat
Types of Muscles
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
How many skeletal muscles in the human body?
650 skeletal muscles
Muscle that has the fastest muscle contraction activity.
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle characteristics
Voluntary
Striated
Incapable of mitosis
What does striations in the muscle means?
Arrangement of myofilaments in the microscope.
Types of Skeletal fibers
Fast (white) fiber
Slow (Red) fiber
Large muscle fiber that relies on GLYCOGEN to become ATP
Fast Fiber (white)
Small muscle fiber that relies on MYOGLOBIN
Slow fiber (red)
White fibers has _____ blood supply
Red fibers has _____ blood supply
less
more
What is Myoglobin?
protein that caries oxygen to muscles
What is oxidatove phosphorylation?
Mitochondria uses oxygen to produce ATP
What cell organelle responsible for ATP production?
Mitochondria
It is the contractual unit of skeletal muscle.
Sarcomere
Where can you find sarcomere?
Myofilament
What are the two myofilaments?
Action and Myosin
What structure in the sarcomere that attached the myosin to Z-line?
Titin
What is needed in order for the myosin head to contract ?
ATP to ADP
ATP formula upon reaching in the myosin head for it to be used in contraction
ADP + Phosphate
What is needed in order for Acton to contact?
Calcium
Responsible for bridging effect
Myosin
Where does calcium comes from ?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What structure does calcium binds in order for the ACTIN in SKELETAL and CARDIAC muscles to contact?
TROPONIN C
What structure does calcium binds in order for the ACTIN in SMOOTH muscles to contact?
Calmodulin
I BAND contains what filaments?
Thin filaments
A-band contains what filaments?
Thick and thin
H band contains what filaments?
Thick
Line located in the middle of sarcomere
M-line
The MINIATURE END PLATE POTENTIALS is for?
The release of subthreshold amount of acetylcholine
What are the two colours of the skeletal muscles?
Red and White
What is the longest muscle?
Sartorius (thigh muscle)
What is the largest muscle?
Gluteus maximus
What is the shortest muscle?
Stapedius
What is the smallest muscle?
Arrector pili muscle
This muscle is mainly found in the visceral organs
Smooth muscle
True or false. Sorry muscle has the longest muscle contraction activity.
True
Characteristics of smooth muscles?
Involuntary,
Non Striated and
capable of mitosis
Visceral organs refers to?
Internal organs
True or false. In non Striated muscle,cells are located in the center.
Falls - cells at periphery
In cardiac musles, its nucleus is located
centrally or peripherally?
Central
Characteristics of Cardiac musles
Involuntary, Striated, Incapable of mitosis
These are the areas of communication of cardiac cells
Gap junctions
This allows electric current to travel through cardiac cells
Intercalated discs
Muscles of mastication
Temporalis
Internal pterygoid
Masseter
External pterygoid
Fan shaped muscle of mastication with 3 fibres
Temporalis
Part of Temporalis muscle responsible for elevation of mandible
Anterior and Middle
Part of Temporalis muscle responsible for retraction
Posterior
Main fiber in temporalis muscle
Posterior fiber
Main action is Temporalis muscle
Retraction
Temporalis muscle
origin ______
Insertion _____
Floor of temporal fossa
Coronoid processes
The only muscle that insets to the Coronoid process
Temporalis muscle
True or false. Temporalis muscle contract bilaterally to retract mandible
True
How many mm to consider Normal retraction of Maldini
1mm
Main muscle is mastication that elevates the mandible
Internal pterygoid muscle
Actions of Medial pterygoid
Elevation and protrusion of mandible
2 muscles of mastication that work together in protruding the mandible
Internal and External pterygoid
Medial Pterygoid muscle
origin____
insertion____
O:Medial surface of the lateral plate of sphenoid bone
I:Medial aspect of Ramus of the Mandible
Muscle commonly affected by trismus
Medial pterygoid
what is trismus?
Muscle spasm (muscle that is not fully contracted)
What is the sign of trismus?
Difficulty in opening the mouth
What causes trismus?
Multiple insertion of needle during IAN block
Strongest muscle
Masseter
Other name for masseter muscle
Quadrilateral
Why masseter is considered the strongest?
Multipennate muscle (multiple tendon attachments)
Actions masseter muscle?
Clenching and Elevation of Mandible
Main action masseter muscle
Clenching
Origin and Insertion of Masseter muscle
Origin: Zygoomatic process
Insertion:Lateral aspect of the Ramus of mandible
Muscles that forms the SLING muscle of mandible?
Medial pterygoid and Masseter
Other name for External pterygoid muscle
Lateral pterygoid
Actions of External pterygoid
Depressing the mandible
protrusion
lateral excursion
Other term for lateral excursion
Bennett movement
Main action of external pterygoid muscle
Depressing the mandible
Origin and Insertion of Lateral pterygoid
Origin: LATERAL surface of the LATERAL PLATE of sphenoid bone
Insertion: Meniscus and neck of the condyle
Mandibular fossa is found on what bone?
Temporal bone
Muscle that inserts to the TMJ?
External pterygoid muscle
What are the muscles that elevates the mandible?
Temporalis
Internal pterygoid
Masseter
What are the muscles that depresses the mandible?
Lateral pterygoid
Anterior belly of digastric muscle
Geniohyoid
The main muscle that depresses the mandible
Anterior belly of digastric muscle
The main muscle of mastication that depresses the mandible
Lateral pterygoid muscle
The strongest muscle of mastication
MASSETER
The prime mover of the mandible
LATERAL PTERYGOID
The subsidiary muscle of mandible
BUCCINATOR
This is the HANGING BONE
Hyoid bone
What are the two divisions of muscles in hyoid bone?
SUPRAHYOID
INFRAHYOID
Main function of SUPRAHYOID muscles
Depress the mandible
What are the muscles in SURHYOID and innervations
Geniohyoid - XII Stylohyoid - VII Mylohyoid - V3 Digastric- Anterior (mylohyoid nerve V3) and posterior (digastric branch VII)
Also known as STRAP muscle
INFRAHYOID muscle
Functions of INfrahyoid muscles
Depress the hyoid and elevate the larynx
What are the muscles in INFRAHYOID and innervated by?
innervated by: ANSA CERVICALIS (C1-C3) except thyrohyoid
Thyrohyoid (1st cervical via Hypoglossal)
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Which of the following cranial bone the suprahyoid originates?
Temporal
Main muscle that depresses the mandible
A. muscle of mastication
B. suprahyoid
A. suprahyoid
Ant. digastric belongs to SUPRAHYOID
Suprahyoid is innervated by?
V3, VII and XII
Muscles that forms the FLOOR of the mouth
Mylohyoid and Geniohyoid
What are the muscles of Soft palate?
Palatoglossus Palatopharyngeus Levator veli palitini Tensor veli palatini Uvula
Muscle of the soft palate that elevates the tongue? innervated by?
Palatoglossus - Vagus nerve
Muscle of soft palate that depresses the velum? innervated by?
Palatopharyngeus - X
Muscle that shortens the velum? innervated by?
Uvula- X
Other name for Uvula
Muscularis uvula
Muscle that forms the Passavant’s ridge (bar)
Palatopharyngeus
Function of Passavant’s ridge
Shuts the nasal cavity or nasopharynx during deglution
What muscle forms the tonsillar crypts
Anteriorly?
Posteriorly?
Anteriorly- Palatoglossus
Posteriorly- Palatopharyngeus
What muscles prevent the food from going into the nasopharynx?
Levator and Tensor veli palitini
What are the muscles of the pharynx?
Constrictor pharyngeal
Stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
muscle that forms the pterygomandibular raphe, medially
Superior constrictor pharyngeal muscle
Forms the pterygomandibular raphe, laterally
Buccinator
A triangular tissue found in the mandible
Pterygomandibluar raphe
Muscle of pharynx that is attached to hyoid bone
Middle constrictor pharyngeal muscle
Pharyngeal muscle connected to CRICOPHARYNGEUS muscle
Inferior constrictor pharyngeal muscle
What is Cricopharyngeus muscle for?
Shuts the esppohagus during inhalation
Muscle that elevates the larynx and pharynx
Stylopharyngeus - IX
Opens the auditory tube
Salpingopharyngeus
The only muscle of the pharynx not included in swallowing
Salpingopharyngeus
Which muscle is not innervated by X
Stylopharyngeus
What are the muscles of the Larynx?
CRICOTHYROID THYROARYTENOID POSTERIOR CRICOARYTENOID LATERAL CRICOARYTENOID TRANSVERSE and OBLIQUE ARYTENOIDS
Function of Larynx
for PHONATION
Larynx is also known as
Voicebox - produces sound
Laryngeal muscle that tenses the vocal cords for forceful voice
Cricoarytenoid
Laryngeal muscle that relaxes the vocal cords for softer voice (whispper)
Thyroarytenoid
Sole ABDUCTOR of the musclesof larynx
Post. cricoarytenoid
Sole ADDUCTOR of the muscles of larynx
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Laryngeal muscle that narrows the laryngeal inlet
Transverse and Oblique Arytenoids
What are the mechanism of speech?
Breathing
Phonation
Resonation
Articulation
Takes place when voice is produced in speaking of as the expiratory air stream from the lungs goes up through the trachea to the larynx
Phonation
It is the process of voice amplification and modification
Resonation
It is the process of pronouncing the sound clearly
Articulation
It is the only muscle of the larynx innervated by Superior laryngeal nerve of X
Cricothyroid
Muscles of the Larynx except cricothyroid are innervated by what nerve?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve of X
This nerve wraps around the LIGAMENTUM ARTERIOSUM
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
This nerve wraps around the RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
What are the UNPAIRED catilages of the LARYNX?
Epiglottis
Thyroid
Cricoid
What are the paired cartilages of the larynx?
Arytenoid
Cuneiform
Corniculate
It is the opening of trachea for emergency situation to open the airways.
Tracheostomy
The leaf like cartilage.
Epiglottis
Adam’s apple
Thyroid
Esophagus is ___ to trachea.
A. anterior
B. posterior
Posterior
Cartilage most commonly pierced in muscular triangle
Cricothyroid cartilage
Kind of voice present in laryngospams
Stridor voice
Drug for laryngospams
Succinylcholine (muscle relaxant) - IV injection
Cricoid cartilage is also known as
Signet ring Cartilage
What are the principal muscles for INSPIRATION?
Diaphragm
External intercostalis
What is the main muscle for inspiration?
Diaphragm
What are the accessory muscle for inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Pectoralis Minor
Principal muscles for inspiration are used only when?
normal breathing
Accessory muscles for inspiration are used during?
Heavy breathing
What are the muscles for EXPIRATION?
Internal intercostalis
Abdominal muscles
Whatare the abdminal muscles used during expiration?
Rectus abdominis muscle
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis
Yes or No. Are there muscles involve during normal expiration?
No
Belt-like or strap like muscle
Rectus abdominis muscle
Muscles responisble for moving the arm
Rotator cuff muscles
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus Deltoid Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis
Prime mover of the rotator cuff muscles
Infraspinatus
Rotator cuff muscle that initiates ABDUCTION for 15degrees. Also, this muscle is innervated by?
Supraspinatus- Suprascapular nerve
Rotator cuff muscle that is the main muscle for ABDUCTION about 120-150 degrees. Also, this muscle is innervated by?
Deltoid - Axillary nerve
Rotator cuff muscle that initiates ADDUCTION.Also, this muscle is innervated by?
Infraspinatus- Suprascapular nerve
Rotator cuff muscle that rotates the arm LATERALLY. Innervated by?
Teres minor-Axillary nerve
Rotator cuff muscle that rotates the arm MEDIALLY.
Subscapularis- Subscapular nerve
What are the FLEXOR muscles of the forearm?
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Biceps brachii
Main flexor muscle of the forearm
Biceps brachii
Extensor muscles of the forearm
Triceps brachii
Anconeus
The principal extensor of the forearm is?
Triceps brachii
What are the compartments present in the thigh?
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Other name for the Anterior compartment in the thigh?
Quadriceps femoris
Musles in the Quadriceps femoris.
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus Intermedius
Vastus Lateralis
What nerve innervates the Anterior compartment of the thigh?
Femoral nerve
Other name for the posterior compartment of the thigh
Hamstring muscle
What are the Hamstrings muscles?
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris
Other name for the medial compartment of the thigh?
Adductors
What are the ADDUCTORS in the thigh?
Adductor brevis
Adductor Longus
Adductor Magnus
Nerve that supply or passes through the Hamstring muscles?
Sciatic nerve
Longest nerve in the body?
Sciatic nerve
What compartment not present in the thigh?
LATERAL COMPARTMENT
What compartment occupies the lateral compartment of the thigh?
Anterior compartment
Compartment that is the location for IM injections
Quadriceps femoris
Anterior compartment muscle most common involve in IM injections?
Vastus Lateralis
What muscle runs in ANTERIOR compartment?
Sartorius muscle
Main nerve that innervates the lower extremities.
Sciatic nerve
Boundaries of FEMORAL triangle
Lateral - sartorius
Superior - Inguinal ligament
Medial - Adductor longus
Floor- Pectinues muscle
What structures present in the femoral triangle?
Femoral nerve, Artery and Vein
What is Swimmer’s muscle?
Latissimus dorsi - Thoracolumbar nerve
What is Boxer’s muscle?
Serratus anterior
Tailor’s muscle?
Sarotius muscle
Trumpeter’s muscle?
Buccinator muscle
Common site for IM injection in children?
Vastus lateralis
