Gastro-Intestinal System Flashcards
Alimentary tract is?
A. It is a continuous tube extending from mouth to anus
B. It has accessory gland like pancreas, salivary glands, gall bladder
C. Digestion takes places at different site
D. Enzymes are involved in digestion of different food
E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Organs derived from foregut
Esophagus stomach 1st part of duodenum Liver Pancreas Gall bladder
Organs derived from midgut
Duodenum (2,3,4) Ileum Jejunum Appendix Cecum Ascending colon Transverse colon
Organs derived from hidgut
Descending colon
Sigmoid
Rectum
Layer of G.I.T that lines the lumen?
Mucosa
Layer of Blood vessel that lines the lumen
Tunica intima
Layer of G.I.T that contains MEISSNER’S PLEXUS
Submucosa
Layer of G.I.T that is mainly made up of SMOOTH MUSCLE
Muscularis externa
OLIC smooth muscle in muscularis externa
Outer-LONGITUDINAL
Inner- CIRCULAR
Layer of G.I.T that forms the visceral peritoneum
Serosa
This plexus controls the secretion of substances during digestion such as acid
Meissner’s plexus
Layer of G.I.T that fights bacteria
MUCOSA
Organs located in the UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT
LIVER gallbladder Duodenum HEAD of pancreas adrenal glands
Organs located in the UPPER LEFT QUADRANT
STOMACH
SPLEEN
TAIL of pancreas
adrenal gland
Organs located in the LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT
Fallopian tube ovary cecum APPENDIX ureter
Organs located in the LOWER LEFT QUADRANT
Fallopian tube
Ovary
SIGMOID
Ureter
organ that mainly occupies the upper right quadrant
LIVER
What are the RETROPERITONEAL ORGANS?
Suprarenal glands Abdominal aorta Duodenum except 1st part Pancreas Ureters Colon (ascending and descending) Kidneys Esophagus Rectus (middle third)
Phase that is initiated when receptors in the head are stimulated by sight, smell, taste, and chewing.
Cephalic phase
Mediator of Cephalic phase
Vagus nerve
Phase initiated by the reflexes found in the stomach
Gastric phase
Mediator of Gastric phase
GASTRIN
Reflexes found in the somach
Distention of stomach
Acidity
Amino acids
Peptides
Phase initiated by stimuli in the intestinal tract.
Intestinal phase
Stimulus in the intestine that initiates intestinal phase
A. Distention of intestines
B. Osmolarity
C. Acidity of duodenum
Meidator of Intestinal phase
Secretin
CCK
GIP
First organ where digestion begins.
Oral cavity
BOLUS formation occurs where?
Oral cavity
What is a bolus?
Mixture of food and saliva
How many mL of air is swallowed during meal?
500mL
The only salivary gland involved in digestion
Parotid gland
Parotid gland helpsin digestion through
Secretion of AMYLASE and LIPASE
Amylase and lipase are produced by?
Pancreas (head)
Other name for submaxillary gland
Submandibular gland
What are the MAJOR salivary gland
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
A 20cm long tube lined withNON-KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Esophagus
Upper third of esphagus is made up of?
Skeletal muscle
Middle third of esophagus composed of?
Skeletal and Smooth muscle
Lower third of esophagus is composed of?
Smooth muscle only
Muscle present in the upper third of esophagus
Cricopharyngeus
Muscle that opens the esophagus when swallowing
Cricopharyngeus
What is the difference of each portion of the esophagus?
Variations of muscle
A sac-like organ lined with SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
STOMACH
Part of stomach nearest to the heart
Cardia
Located in the superior lobe of left lung that is close tot heart
Cardiac notch
Largest portin of stomach
Body
narrow portion of stomach
Fundus
Last portion of stomach with sphincter.
Pylori
Cell that secretes mucus in the stomach
Mucous neck cell
Cell in stomach that secretes pepsinogen.
Chief cell
Other name for chief cell in the stomach
Zymogenic
Cell in stomach that secretes intrinsic factor, HCl, Hydrogen ions
Parietal cell
Other name for parietal cell in stomach
Oxyntic
This component is important for the absorption of VIT. B 12 in ILEUM
Intrinsic factor
Main function of HCl
activation of Pepsinogen to Pepsin
Pepsin is for?
Digestion of protein
HCl secretion is stimulated by what hormone?
Gastrin
Ion in stomach for direct production of BICARBONATES
Hydrogen ion
Main buffer ion in the body?
Bicarbonate
Ph of HCl
1-3pH
Chief cell is found in what organs?
Stomach and Parathyroid
Cell that produces serotonin and histamine
Enteroendocrine
Other name for Enteroendochrine
Argentaffin
Role of histamine in stomach?
increase acid secretion
Factors that influence the rate of which a meal will leave the stomach
Low pH
Increased in tonicity of the duodenum
Lipid in the intestines
Major factor that influence the rate of which a meal will leave the stomach
Lipidin intestines
An empty stomach has a volume of?
50mL
an acidic fluid consisting of gastric juice and food
Chyme
Is composed of HCl, potassium chloride and sodium chloride
Gastric juice
pH of gastric juice
1-3pH
A normal bacteria in the stomach
Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori)
Increase H. pylori in the stomach will result to?
Gastric ulcer
Increase H. pylori in the duodenum will result to?
Peptic ulcer
The longest and most convoluted part of the G.I.T
Small intestines
small intestines secretes how many mL of fluid a day?
1,500mL
Function of small intestine
Absorption of nutrients via Facilitated Diffusion
Ion that determines the magnitude of fluid secretion.
Chloride
Ion that determines the rate of absorption
Sodium
Hyperacidity in stomach can be treated by what drug?
Anti-hitamine such as cimetidine
The average daily intake of CHO is?
250-300g/day
The average daily intake of FATS is?
70-100g/day
The required CHON per day is
40-50g/day
too much protein in the body mainly affects the function of what organ?
KIDNEY
Heart burn
Too much acid in the stomach which also backs up into the esophagus
True or False. Acid and fats are miscible
False- immiscible
Cells in small intestines that is found in MICROVILLI
Enterocyte
Sound of an empty stomach
Borborygmus
Role of enterocyte
Absorption
Cells in small intestines that secretes Lysozyme
Paneth cell
Other name of Paneth cell in small intestine
Davidoff
Cells in small intestines that secretes MUCUS
Goblet cell
True or False. Goblet cell decreases towards the ANAL OUTLET
False- increases
What do you call that area where thousands of microvilli may be found?
BRUSH BORDERS
Brush border is found in what part of small intestine?
Jejunum
An enzyme that has lysosome
Lysozyme
cell organ that produces intracellular phagocytosis
Lysosome
Reason why goblet cell increase towards the ANAL outlet
Anal outlet is prone to infection and goblet cell which secretes mucus that contains IgA help fights infection
The shortest 20-25cm and the widest small intestine
Duodenum
Duodenum connects to the ____ of the stomach
Pylori
Vertebral level of duodenum
L1-L3
Structure of duodenum that produces SECRETIN
Crypts of LIEBERKUHN
Hormone that stimulates pancreatic hormones and Decreases MOTILITY of duodenum
SECRETIN
Structure of duodenum found in SUBMUCOSAL layer for Mucous production
BRUNNER’S gland
Ampulla of Vater (2nd part) is formed by
PANCREATIC DUCT and COMMON BILE DUCT
Structure of duodenum that secrets GASTRI-INHIBITORY POLYPEPTIDE (GIP)
K-cell
GIP (increases,decreases) gastric motility
decreases
Structure of duodenum that secretes CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)
Enteroendocrine cell
CCK stimulatsdigestion of
Fats and Proteins
Function of Bile
help absorb fats
Bile with fats transfer from small intestine to?
LIVER
Green feces indicates?
presence of bile
Sphincter found in the common bile duct
Sphincter of BOyden
Sphincter foundat the junction of the common bile duct (CBD), main pancreatic duct, and the duodenum.
Sphincter of ODDI
Organ that produces bile
LIVER
Organ that STORES bile
gallbladder
Ion mainly absorbed in DUODENUM
Iron and Calcium
(Increased,Decreased) pH results to inccreased absorption of Iron and Calcium
Decreased pH
The most common type of contraction in duodeum
Segmentation
What is segmentation?
Mixing of food with digestive enzymes and hormones
The thickest muscular wall in small intestine for PERISTALSIS
Jejunum
An involuntary constriction and relaxation of the intestine
Peristalsis
A circular fold that contains the most abundant microvilli
PLICAE CIRCULARIS
Other name of plicae circularis
Valve of Kirkring
Structure in jejunum that contains LACTEALS
Villi
These are lymphatic network of capillaries for absorption of FATS
Lacteals
The longest and LAST portion of the smal intestine that connects to the large intestine
Ileum
Function of Ileum
Absorption of vit. B 12
Termination of Ileum is located in?
Lower right quadrant
Structure in ILEUM that contains secretory Ig A
Peyer’s patches
What makes appendix helps in immunity?
Contains peyer’s patches
a 5-feet long tissue with almost 1,500mL of chyme
Large intestine
Plexus that is foun in large intestine that controls peristalsis
Auerbach’s plexus
Auerbach’s plexus is found in?
Teniae coli
Function of large intestine
Absorbs water and electrolytes
Valve that connects from small intestine to large intestine
IleoCecal valve
Ileocecal valve is located in?
Caecum
Aside from Ileum, Caecum also connects to the?
Appendix
It is the main site for FLUID absorption due to presence of microvilli
COLON
ASCENDING colon starts to become a TRANSVERSE colon when it approaches to what organ?
LIVER
Part of colon that has GREATER omentum ligament attaches to stomach
Transverse colon
ligament that attaches the liver to stomach
Lesser omentum ligament
Muscle for peristalsis in large intestine
Teniae coli
Forms and stores the feces and flatus
SIGMOID
Sigmoid contains what bacteria?
Escherichia coli
Flatus in layman’s term
FART
E.coli produces?
Feces
bile pigment that gives pigment to the feces
Stercobilin
Stercobilin or all pigments comes from?
HEME
FLATUS contains?
Nitrogen (400-700mL/day) Carbondioxide Hydrogen Methane Sulfur (mercaptan)
Produces bad odor in flatus and in oral cavity
SULFUR
The last part of the large intestine
RECTUS
Does rectus contain Teniae coli?
NO
Contains the MOST abundant GOBLET cells
RECTUS
The exit from rectum
ANUS
Anal sphincter that contains smooth muscle?>
Anal sphincter that contains skeletal muscle?>
Internal-smooth
External-skeletal (tendon)
Normal color of feces
Brown
the last duct where bile passes
pancreatic duct
