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Dental Boards Review > Gastro-Intestinal System > Flashcards

Gastro-Intestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary tract is?

A. It is a continuous tube extending from mouth to anus
B. It has accessory gland like pancreas, salivary glands, gall bladder
C. Digestion takes places at different site
D. Enzymes are involved in digestion of different food
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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2
Q

Organs derived from foregut

A 
Esophagus
stomach
1st part of duodenum
Liver
Pancreas
Gall bladder
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3
Q

Organs derived from midgut

A 
Duodenum (2,3,4)
Ileum
Jejunum
Appendix
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
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4
Q

Organs derived from hidgut

A

Descending colon
Sigmoid
Rectum

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5
Q

Layer of G.I.T that lines the lumen?

A

Mucosa

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6
Q

Layer of Blood vessel that lines the lumen

A

Tunica intima

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7
Q

Layer of G.I.T that contains MEISSNER’S PLEXUS

A

Submucosa

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8
Q

Layer of G.I.T that is mainly made up of SMOOTH MUSCLE

A

Muscularis externa

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9
Q

OLIC smooth muscle in muscularis externa

A

Outer-LONGITUDINAL

Inner- CIRCULAR

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10
Q

Layer of G.I.T that forms the visceral peritoneum

A

Serosa

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11
Q

This plexus controls the secretion of substances during digestion such as acid

A

Meissner’s plexus

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12
Q

Layer of G.I.T that fights bacteria

A

MUCOSA

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13
Q

Organs located in the UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT

A 
LIVER
gallbladder
Duodenum
HEAD of pancreas
adrenal glands
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14
Q

Organs located in the UPPER LEFT QUADRANT

A

STOMACH
SPLEEN
TAIL of pancreas
adrenal gland

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15
Q

Organs located in the LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT

A 
Fallopian tube
ovary
cecum
APPENDIX
ureter
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16
Q

Organs located in the LOWER LEFT QUADRANT

A

Fallopian tube
Ovary
SIGMOID
Ureter

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17
Q

organ that mainly occupies the upper right quadrant

A

LIVER

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18
Q

What are the RETROPERITONEAL ORGANS?

A 
Suprarenal glands
Abdominal aorta
Duodenum except 1st part
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (ascending and descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectus (middle third)
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19
Q

Phase that is initiated when receptors in the head are stimulated by sight, smell, taste, and chewing.

A

Cephalic phase

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20
Q

Mediator of Cephalic phase

A

Vagus nerve

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21
Q

Phase initiated by the reflexes found in the stomach

A

Gastric phase

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22
Q

Mediator of Gastric phase

A

GASTRIN

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23
Q

Reflexes found in the somach

A

Distention of stomach
Acidity
Amino acids
Peptides

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24
Q

Phase initiated by stimuli in the intestinal tract.

A

Intestinal phase

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25
Q

Stimulus in the intestine that initiates intestinal phase

A

A. Distention of intestines
B. Osmolarity
C. Acidity of duodenum

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26
Q

Meidator of Intestinal phase

A

Secretin
CCK
GIP

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27
Q

First organ where digestion begins.

A

Oral cavity

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28
Q

BOLUS formation occurs where?

A

Oral cavity

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29
Q

What is a bolus?

A

Mixture of food and saliva

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30
Q

How many mL of air is swallowed during meal?

A

500mL

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31
Q

The only salivary gland involved in digestion

A

Parotid gland

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32
Q

Parotid gland helpsin digestion through

A

Secretion of AMYLASE and LIPASE

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33
Q

Amylase and lipase are produced by?

A

Pancreas (head)

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34
Q

Other name for submaxillary gland

A

Submandibular gland

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35
Q

What are the MAJOR salivary gland

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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36
Q

A 20cm long tube lined withNON-KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

A

Esophagus

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37
Q

Upper third of esphagus is made up of?

A

Skeletal muscle

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38
Q

Middle third of esophagus composed of?

A

Skeletal and Smooth muscle

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39
Q

Lower third of esophagus is composed of?

A

Smooth muscle only

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40
Q

Muscle present in the upper third of esophagus

A

Cricopharyngeus

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41
Q

Muscle that opens the esophagus when swallowing

A

Cricopharyngeus

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42
Q

What is the difference of each portion of the esophagus?

A

Variations of muscle

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43
Q

A sac-like organ lined with SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

A

STOMACH

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44
Q

Part of stomach nearest to the heart

A

Cardia

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45
Q

Located in the superior lobe of left lung that is close tot heart

A

Cardiac notch

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46
Q

Largest portin of stomach

A

Body

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47
Q

narrow portion of stomach

A

Fundus

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48
Q

Last portion of stomach with sphincter.

A

Pylori

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49
Q

Cell that secretes mucus in the stomach

A

Mucous neck cell

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50
Q

Cell in stomach that secretes pepsinogen.

A

Chief cell

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51
Q

Other name for chief cell in the stomach

A

Zymogenic

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52
Q

Cell in stomach that secretes intrinsic factor, HCl, Hydrogen ions

A

Parietal cell

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53
Q

Other name for parietal cell in stomach

A

Oxyntic

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54
Q

This component is important for the absorption of VIT. B 12 in ILEUM

A

Intrinsic factor

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55
Q

Main function of HCl

A

activation of Pepsinogen to Pepsin

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56
Q

Pepsin is for?

A

Digestion of protein

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57
Q

HCl secretion is stimulated by what hormone?

A

Gastrin

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58
Q

Ion in stomach for direct production of BICARBONATES

A

Hydrogen ion

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59
Q

Main buffer ion in the body?

A

Bicarbonate

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60
Q

Ph of HCl

A

1-3pH

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61
Q

Chief cell is found in what organs?

A

Stomach and Parathyroid

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62
Q

Cell that produces serotonin and histamine

A

Enteroendocrine

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63
Q

Other name for Enteroendochrine

A

Argentaffin

64
Q

Role of histamine in stomach?

A

increase acid secretion

65
Q

Factors that influence the rate of which a meal will leave the stomach

A

Low pH
Increased in tonicity of the duodenum
Lipid in the intestines

66
Q

Major factor that influence the rate of which a meal will leave the stomach

A

Lipidin intestines

67
Q

An empty stomach has a volume of?

A

50mL

68
Q

an acidic fluid consisting of gastric juice and food

A

Chyme

69
Q

Is composed of HCl, potassium chloride and sodium chloride

A

Gastric juice

70
Q

pH of gastric juice

A

1-3pH

71
Q

A normal bacteria in the stomach

A

Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori)

72
Q

Increase H. pylori in the stomach will result to?

A

Gastric ulcer

73
Q

Increase H. pylori in the duodenum will result to?

A

Peptic ulcer

74
Q

The longest and most convoluted part of the G.I.T

A

Small intestines

75
Q

small intestines secretes how many mL of fluid a day?

A

1,500mL

76
Q

Function of small intestine

A

Absorption of nutrients via Facilitated Diffusion

77
Q

Ion that determines the magnitude of fluid secretion.

A

Chloride

78
Q

Ion that determines the rate of absorption

A

Sodium

79
Q

Hyperacidity in stomach can be treated by what drug?

A

Anti-hitamine such as cimetidine

80
Q

The average daily intake of CHO is?

A

250-300g/day

81
Q

The average daily intake of FATS is?

A

70-100g/day

82
Q

The required CHON per day is

A

40-50g/day

83
Q

too much protein in the body mainly affects the function of what organ?

A

KIDNEY

84
Q

Heart burn

A

Too much acid in the stomach which also backs up into the esophagus

85
Q

True or False. Acid and fats are miscible

A

False- immiscible

86
Q

Cells in small intestines that is found in MICROVILLI

A

Enterocyte

87
Q

Sound of an empty stomach

A

Borborygmus

88
Q

Role of enterocyte

A

Absorption

89
Q

Cells in small intestines that secretes Lysozyme

A

Paneth cell

90
Q

Other name of Paneth cell in small intestine

A

Davidoff

91
Q

Cells in small intestines that secretes MUCUS

A

Goblet cell

92
Q

True or False. Goblet cell decreases towards the ANAL OUTLET

A

False- increases

93
Q

What do you call that area where thousands of microvilli may be found?

A

BRUSH BORDERS

94
Q

Brush border is found in what part of small intestine?

A

Jejunum

95
Q

An enzyme that has lysosome

A

Lysozyme

96
Q

cell organ that produces intracellular phagocytosis

A

Lysosome

97
Q

Reason why goblet cell increase towards the ANAL outlet

A

Anal outlet is prone to infection and goblet cell which secretes mucus that contains IgA help fights infection

98
Q

The shortest 20-25cm and the widest small intestine

A

Duodenum

99
Q

Duodenum connects to the ____ of the stomach

A

Pylori

100
Q

Vertebral level of duodenum

A

L1-L3

101
Q

Structure of duodenum that produces SECRETIN

A

Crypts of LIEBERKUHN

102
Q

Hormone that stimulates pancreatic hormones and Decreases MOTILITY of duodenum

A

SECRETIN

103
Q

Structure of duodenum found in SUBMUCOSAL layer for Mucous production

A

BRUNNER’S gland

104
Q

Ampulla of Vater (2nd part) is formed by

A

PANCREATIC DUCT and COMMON BILE DUCT

105
Q

Structure of duodenum that secrets GASTRI-INHIBITORY POLYPEPTIDE (GIP)

A

K-cell

106
Q

GIP (increases,decreases) gastric motility

A

decreases

107
Q

Structure of duodenum that secretes CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)

A

Enteroendocrine cell

108
Q

CCK stimulatsdigestion of

A

Fats and Proteins

109
Q

Function of Bile

A

help absorb fats

110
Q

Bile with fats transfer from small intestine to?

A

LIVER

111
Q

Green feces indicates?

A

presence of bile

112
Q

Sphincter found in the common bile duct

A

Sphincter of BOyden

113
Q

Sphincter foundat the junction of the common bile duct (CBD), main pancreatic duct, and the duodenum.

A

Sphincter of ODDI

114
Q

Organ that produces bile

A

LIVER

115
Q

Organ that STORES bile

A

gallbladder

116
Q

Ion mainly absorbed in DUODENUM

A

Iron and Calcium

117
Q

(Increased,Decreased) pH results to inccreased absorption of Iron and Calcium

A

Decreased pH

118
Q

The most common type of contraction in duodeum

A

Segmentation

119
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Mixing of food with digestive enzymes and hormones

120
Q

The thickest muscular wall in small intestine for PERISTALSIS

A

Jejunum

121
Q

An involuntary constriction and relaxation of the intestine

A

Peristalsis

122
Q

A circular fold that contains the most abundant microvilli

A

PLICAE CIRCULARIS

123
Q

Other name of plicae circularis

A

Valve of Kirkring

124
Q

Structure in jejunum that contains LACTEALS

A

Villi

125
Q

These are lymphatic network of capillaries for absorption of FATS

A

Lacteals

126
Q

The longest and LAST portion of the smal intestine that connects to the large intestine

A

Ileum

127
Q

Function of Ileum

A

Absorption of vit. B 12

128
Q

Termination of Ileum is located in?

A

Lower right quadrant

129
Q

Structure in ILEUM that contains secretory Ig A

A

Peyer’s patches

130
Q

What makes appendix helps in immunity?

A

Contains peyer’s patches

131
Q

a 5-feet long tissue with almost 1,500mL of chyme

A

Large intestine

132
Q

Plexus that is foun in large intestine that controls peristalsis

A

Auerbach’s plexus

133
Q

Auerbach’s plexus is found in?

A

Teniae coli

134
Q

Function of large intestine

A

Absorbs water and electrolytes

135
Q

Valve that connects from small intestine to large intestine

A

IleoCecal valve

136
Q

Ileocecal valve is located in?

A

Caecum

137
Q

Aside from Ileum, Caecum also connects to the?

A

Appendix

138
Q

It is the main site for FLUID absorption due to presence of microvilli

A

COLON

139
Q

ASCENDING colon starts to become a TRANSVERSE colon when it approaches to what organ?

A

LIVER

140
Q

Part of colon that has GREATER omentum ligament attaches to stomach

A

Transverse colon

141
Q

ligament that attaches the liver to stomach

A

Lesser omentum ligament

142
Q

Muscle for peristalsis in large intestine

A

Teniae coli

143
Q

Forms and stores the feces and flatus

A

SIGMOID

144
Q

Sigmoid contains what bacteria?

A

Escherichia coli

145
Q

Flatus in layman’s term

A

FART

146
Q

E.coli produces?

A

Feces

147
Q

bile pigment that gives pigment to the feces

A

Stercobilin

148
Q

Stercobilin or all pigments comes from?

A

HEME

149
Q

FLATUS contains?

A 
Nitrogen (400-700mL/day)
Carbondioxide
Hydrogen
Methane
Sulfur (mercaptan)
150
Q

Produces bad odor in flatus and in oral cavity

A

SULFUR

151
Q

The last part of the large intestine

A

RECTUS

152
Q

Does rectus contain Teniae coli?

A

NO

153
Q

Contains the MOST abundant GOBLET cells

A

RECTUS

154
Q

The exit from rectum

A

ANUS

155
Q

Anal sphincter that contains smooth muscle?>

Anal sphincter that contains skeletal muscle?>

A

Internal-smooth

External-skeletal (tendon)

156
Q

Normal color of feces

A

Brown

157
Q

the last duct where bile passes

A

pancreatic duct

Dental Boards Review (34 decks)

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