Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
name of the obstructive lung disease ?
92
A
COPD
-emphysema
-chronic bronchitis
bronchial asthma
bronchiectasis
2
Q
what is OLD ?
A
inc in resistance to airflow
due to diffuse airway disease
that may effect any part of R tract
3
Q
Emphysema defination ?
A
it is a chronic obstrcutive airway D
characterized by irreversible enlargement of airspaces
distal to terminal bronchioles
accompanied by
destrcution of their wall without obvious fibrosis
4
Q
type of emphysema ?
A
centriacinar
panacinar
distal acinar / paraseptal
irregular
93
5
Q
centriacinar emphysema cause ?
A
heavy smoking
6
Q
panacinar E cause ?
A
alpha1- anti-trypsin deficiency
7
Q
distal acinar cause ?
A
spontaneous pneumothorax
93
8
Q
irregular E cause >
A
scarring
9
Q
Pneumoniae defination ?
A
infection of the lung parenchyma
10
Q
gross and radiologic apperance of pneumonia?
A
consolidation
11
Q
types of pneumoniae ?
A
106
12
Q
lobar P vs Broncho P ?
A
112
13
Q
consolidation type in lobar p >
A
fibrino-suppurative
14
Q
consolidation type in broncho P >
A
patchy
15
Q
age of lobar P ?
A
young
16
Q
age of broncho P >
A
extreme age
infants + old
17
Q
distribution of consolidation in lobar P >?
A
large portion of lobe
18
Q
area of consolidation in broncho P ?
A
several lobe
19
Q
X ray findings of L P ?
A
consolidation
20
Q
X ray findings of Broncho P ?
A
mottled focal opacities
21
Q
prognosis good in which pneumonia?
A
lobar
22
Q
morphology of pneumoniae ?
A
stage of congestion
stage of red hepatization
stage of grey hepatization
stage of resolution
23
Q
gross of - initial ophase ?
A
heavy
boggy
red
24
Q
gross of early consolidation ?
A
red
firm
airless
liver like consistency
25
gross of late consolidation ?
greyish brown
liver like consistency
26
GROSS of stage of resolution ><
normal
27
lung tumors main etiology ?
🚬
28
lung tumor age ?
40-70 yrs
29
classify lung tumors ?
122
30
bening tumor of lung ?
papilloma
adenoma
31
malignant - primary tumor of Lung ?
bronchogenic Ca
carcinoid
lymphoma
adenoic cystitis
32
secondary malignant lung Ca ?
bowel
breast
kidney
thyroid
liver
lung
33
tumor like lesion of lung ?
hamartoma
eosinophilic granuloma
34
what is eosinophilic granuloma ?
pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration due to microfilaria
35
which one is common now ?
adenocarcinoma
36
WHO classification of brochogenic Ca ???
adenocarcinoma
SCC
Large cell ca
neuroendocrine cell ca
-small cell ca
-large cell neuroendocrine ca
-carcinoid tumor
adenosqumous
combined large cell neuroendocrine
combined small cell neuroendocrine
sarcomatoid
spindle
giant cell ca
37
why adenocarcinoma common ?
women - smoking style change -- filter - vape - tar - nicotine
38
who are efefcted by adenocarcinoma ?
women
non-smoker
39
site of adenocarcinoma ?
periphery
40
peripheral lung tumoe ?
adenocarcinoma
large cell ca
41
central lung tumor ?
SCC
small cell carcinoma
42
which one more dangrerous ?
small cell carcinoma
43
Small cc other name >
oat cell ca
44
why more dangerous ?
most aggressive
wide spread metastasis
no-preinvasive phase
poor prognosis
incurable by surgical menas
127
45
male + smoker = ??
SCC
46
Primary sites from where ca metastasis to lung ?
124
PUB-LIK-T
47
Bronchogenic Ca defination ?
it is the malignant neoplasm of the lung
arising from the
bronchial epithelium /mucous glands
48
risk factors of Bronchogenic ca ?
tobacco smoking
air pollution
radiation exposure
asbestos
industrial hazards
molecular genetics
125
48
industrial hazards example in lung ca ?
Ni
Cr
Be
As
Mustard gas
vinyl Cl
48
growth pattern of adenocarcinoma ?
acinar
papillary
micropapillary
solid
lepidic
mucinous
49
small cell gene ?
p53
50
adenocarcinoma gene ?
KRAS
tyrosine kinase
51
SCC gene ?
P53
RB
CDKN24
52
cytology type in lung ca ?
exfoliative
53
Pathogenesis of bronchogenic SCC ?
126
54
what type of metaplasia in SCC ?
Squmous metaplasia
55
growth pattern of SCC ?
exophytic
infiltrative
cauliflower like
56
microscopic of SCC ?
keratinization --- keratin pearl -- horn pearls
intercellular bridge - I desmosomes
57
which cell form keratinization ?
normal cell
58
gross of small cell ca ?
central/hilar
pale-gray
59
microcopic of small cell ca ?
small-oat like
ill-defined border
scant cytoplasm
granular nuclear chromatin - salt & pepper appearance
high mitotic count
absent / inconspicuous Nucleoli
60
bangla of inconspicuous nucleioli ?
127
61
rosettes of small cell ca ?
cells are organized into cords , sheets , aggregates , ribbons --- small bllod v forming pseudoR
62
types of rosette ?
homer wright R
perivascular pseudo R
flexner-wintersteiner R
true ependymal synaptophysin
63
R vs Pseudo R ?>
127
64
PseudoR arrnagement ?
perivascular
radial arrangement of neoplastic cells
65
endocrine--paraneoplastic syndrome related to lung ca ?
SIADH
cushing syndrome
hypercalcaemia
hypocalcaemia
gynaecomastia
carcinoid syndrome
66
neurological paraneoplastic syndrome ?
lambert eaton myasthenic syndorme
peripheral neuropathy
myelopathy
67
other paraneoplastic syndrome ?
digital clubbing
nephrotic syndrome
acanthosis nigricans
68
sputum VS sliva ?????????//
sputum - alveolar macrophage
saliva - buccal epithelial cells
69
how bronchial biopsy ?
histopathology
70
lab dx of lung cancer ?
129
71
for malignant check
which cytology ??
bronchoalveolar levage
bronchial brush cytology
72
FNAC type ?
CT guided
73
histopathology example ?
bronchoscopic biopsy
lobectomy
thoracic surgery
74
IHC for SCC
CD 63
CD40
75
IHC Small cell ca ?
CD56
76
IHC for adenocarcinoma ?
TTFF1
Nepsin A
77
function of IHC ?
type differentiate
78
when USG guided FNAC ?
Big lesions
79
when CT guided FNAC ?
small lesions
/
hilar lesions close to apex
80
bronchial brush cytology type ?
abrasive cytology
81
MT >10mm ?
posiitive reaction
82
MT <6mm = ?
negative reaction
83
when doubtful reaction ?
6-9 mm
84
gene-Xpert time ?
2 hr
85
why gene-Xpert ?
DNA sequence identify
86
clot name of TB ?
spider web clot
87
Why caseouc necrosis in TB ?
119
88
Tuberculin/mantoux test result when ?
2-4 weeks after infection
89
Micro of stage- 1 in pneumonia ?
vascular engorgment
+
intraalveolar fluid + neutrophills
90
micro of stage-2 ?
vascular engorgememnt
RBC + WBC
alveoli are filled with massive exudation with red cells WBC fibrin
91
micro of stage-3 ?
disintegrated red cells
fibrino-suppurative exudates
macrophages
92
stage of resolution micro ?
exudate undergoes enzymatic digestion
debris removed by lymphatics
110
93
what is penumoconiosis ??
👷♂️ **Pneumoconiosis** = Lung dz due to inhalation of mineral dusts → fibrosis.
🔬 Types:
- **Coal workers' pneumoconiosis** 🏭 → carbon dust → macrophage-laden nodules (upper lobes).
- **Silicosis** ⛏️ → silica exposure (sandblasting, mining) → **egg-shell calcifications** in hilar nodes, ↑ TB risk.
- **Asbestosis** 🚢 → shipyard, construction → pleural plaques, **ferruginous bodies** 🩸 (golden-brown).
- **Berylliosis** 🏭 → aerospace industry → non-caseating granulomas (like sarcoidosis).
📋 **Dx**: CXR, PFTs (restrictive pattern), lung biopsy.
💊 **Tx**: Supportive (O₂, steroids), avoid exposure.
@usmlereviews
94
pathogenesis of empohysema ?
95
95
deficiency of alpha1 anti=T cause ?
neutrophil elastas einc++++++++++++
tissue damage
96
restrictive lung d ?
reduced expansion of lung parenchyma
dec total lung capacity
103
97
when hoarness of voice in lung camcer ?
recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion
98
dysphagia in lung ca >
esophageal invasion
99
homer syndrome when ?
sympathetic ganglia invasion
100
emphysema theke kon major disease >
bullous E
101
Chronic bronchitis ?
persistant cough with sputum production
for atleast 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years
