Cellular Adaptation Flashcards
Cellular adaptation defination ?
adaptation are reversible changes in the size
number
phenotype
metabollic activity
functions of cell
in response to
changes in their enviroment
types of cellular adaptation ?
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
atrophy
metaplasia
hyperthrophy defination ???
inc in the size of the cells
that results in
an inc in the size of affecxted organ
sites of hypertrophy ?
skeletal
cardiac
causes of hypertrophy ?
hormonal stimulation
inc functional demand
physiologic hypertrophy ?
skleteal muscle - bopdy builder
uterus - preganancy
breast - lactation
pathological Hypertrophy ?
LVH
LVH M/A ?
54
what is hyperplasia >
inc in the number of cells
in response to a stimuli
56
both hyperplasia + hypertrophy ?
uterus
breast
physiologic hyperplasia ?
hormonal
— female breast during pregnancy + lactation
——preganant uterus
compensatory
—–partial hepatectomy + unilateral nephrectomy
pathologic hyperplasia ?
endometrial
BPH
Skin warts - papilloma virus
clinical importance of hyperplasia ?
pathologic hyperplasia ========================== endometrial cancer
hypoplasia ?
incomplete development
dec size of an organ
dec no of cells
hypoplasia example ?
turners + klinefelter syndrome
hyperplasia VS hypertrophy ?
58y
hypertrophy in which cell ?
permanent cell
hyperplasia in which cell ?
labile/stable
mitosis ocuur in which one ?
hyperplasia
Hyperplasia VS Neoplasia ?
58
atrophy ??
reduction in the size of an organ / tuissue due to dec in the cell and number
physiological atrophy ?
feetal development
atrophy of notochord & thyroglossal duct
uterus during delivery
pathological atrophy ?
denervation
disuse
pressure
due to starvation
senile atrophy
M/A of atrophy ?
dec protein synthesis
inc protein degradation
inc protein degradation M/A ?
lysosomes
ubiquitin proteosome pathway
inc number of autophagic vacules
what is brown atrophy ?
some of the cellular debris resist digestion while formation of autophagic vacules
they persist as residual body
brown discoloration === brown atrophy
example of brown atrophy ?
lipofuscin granules
other name of L granules <
wear and tear tissuet
metaplasia defination ?
reversible change in which one typee of cell is replaced by another cell type
metaplasia type ?
epithelial
CT metaplasia
epithelial metaplasia classify ?
squmous
coloumnar
squamous epuithelial metaplasia example ?
in respiratory tract due to smoking
slaivary gland + pancrease + bile duct
V-A deficinecy
columnar epithelial metaplasia ?
barrett esophagus ?
Barrett esophagus process ?
influenced by reflux gastric acid
esophageal squamous epithelium is replaced by intestinal like coloumnar cell
B esophagus fate ?
esophageal adenocarcinoma
CT metaplasia example >
bone dormation in muscle - myositis ossificans
fibroblast & adipose tissue converted to osteoblast
V-A deficiency fate >
induce squamous metaplasia
in respiratory epithelium
which metaplasia doesnot turn into malignant form ?
apocrine metaplasia of breats
sequence ?
M ———- dyplasia ===== malignancy
why metaplasia double edge sword ?
- malignant transformation
2.alternation of the normal physiological fucntion
advantages of metaplasia ?
survival of the cells in the adverse enviroment
Mechanism of metaplasia ?
- re-programming of stem cells present in local tissue
2.colonization by differentiated cell populationa from adjacent sites
risk of metaplasia in cervix ?
cervical carcinoma
psammoma bodies ???
round microscopic calcific collections
sites of psammoma bodies ?
papillary carcinoma of thyroid
papillary renal cell carcinoma
prolactinoma
meningioma
mesothelioma
serous cystadenocaercinoma of the ovary
somatostatinoma
70
what is pathologic calcification ?
abnormal tissue depostion of Ca salts together wwith small amout of iron Mg
dystrophic calcification ??
69
H & E stain Ca salt apperance ?
basophilic blue
amorphous granular
clumpes apperance
clinical significance of dystrophic calcification ?
organ dysfunction
calcified valvular heart disease
+ atherosclerosis
clinical significance of metastatic calcification ?
massive involvement of the lungs – respiratory deficits
kidney ———- nephrocalcinosis - renal damage
neoplasms commonly metastasize to bones ?
breast
bronchial
thryoid
prostatic
kidney
fatty changes vs fat necrosis ???
68
fatty change other name ?
steatosis
steatosis def ?
Abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within the p[arenchymal cells
fatty change in heart ?
diptheria
severe anaemia
M/A of fatty changes ???????
67
microscopic of fatty change ?
lipid cacuoles
in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes
consequences of fatty change ?
cirrhosis
hepatocellular carcinoma
67
morphology of aged cell ?
accumulation of lipofuscin + aged cell + abnromally folded protein
how fatty changes in PEM >
67
