Cellular Adaptation

Question 1

Cellular adaptation defination ?

Answer 1

adaptation are reversible changes in the size
number
phenotype
metabollic activity
functions of cell
in response to
changes in their enviroment

Question 2

types of cellular adaptation ?

Answer 2

hypertrophy
hyperplasia
atrophy
metaplasia

Question 3

hyperthrophy defination ???

Answer 3

inc in the size of the cells
that results in
an inc in the size of affecxted organ

Question 4

sites of hypertrophy ?

Answer 4

skeletal
cardiac

Question 5

causes of hypertrophy ?

Answer 5

hormonal stimulation
inc functional demand

Question 6

physiologic hypertrophy ?

Answer 6

skleteal muscle - bopdy builder
uterus - preganancy
breast - lactation

Question 7

pathological Hypertrophy ?

Answer 7

LVH

Question 8

LVH M/A ?

Answer 8

54

Question 9

what is hyperplasia >

Answer 9

inc in the number of cells
in response to a stimuli

56

Question 10

both hyperplasia + hypertrophy ?

Answer 10

uterus
breast

Question 11

physiologic hyperplasia ?

Answer 11

hormonal
— female breast during pregnancy + lactation
——preganant uterus

compensatory
—–partial hepatectomy + unilateral nephrectomy

Question 12

pathologic hyperplasia ?

Answer 12

endometrial
BPH
Skin warts - papilloma virus

Question 13

clinical importance of hyperplasia ?

Answer 13

pathologic hyperplasia ========================== endometrial cancer

Question 14

hypoplasia ?

Answer 14

incomplete development
dec size of an organ
dec no of cells

Question 15

hypoplasia example ?

Answer 15

turners + klinefelter syndrome

Question 16

hyperplasia VS hypertrophy ?

Answer 16

58y

Question 17

hypertrophy in which cell ?

Answer 17

permanent cell

Question 18

hyperplasia in which cell ?

Answer 18

labile/stable

Question 19

mitosis ocuur in which one ?

Answer 19

hyperplasia

Question 20

Hyperplasia VS Neoplasia ?

Answer 20

58

Question 21

atrophy ??

Answer 21

reduction in the size of an organ / tuissue due to dec in the cell and number

Question 22

physiological atrophy ?

Answer 22

feetal development
atrophy of notochord & thyroglossal duct
uterus during delivery

Question 23

pathological atrophy ?

Answer 23

denervation
disuse
pressure
due to starvation
senile atrophy

Question 24

M/A of atrophy ?

Answer 24

dec protein synthesis
inc protein degradation

Question 25

inc protein degradation M/A ?

Answer 25

lysosomes ubiquitin proteosome pathway inc number of autophagic vacules

Question 26

what is brown atrophy ?

Answer 26

some of the cellular debris resist digestion while formation of autophagic vacules they persist as residual body brown discoloration === brown atrophy

Question 27

example of brown atrophy ?

Answer 27

lipofuscin granules

Question 28

other name of L granules <

Answer 28

wear and tear tissuet

Question 29

metaplasia defination ?

Answer 29

reversible change in which one typee of cell is replaced by another cell type

Question 30

metaplasia type ?

Answer 30

epithelial CT metaplasia

Question 31

epithelial metaplasia classify ?

Answer 31

squmous coloumnar

Question 32

squamous epuithelial metaplasia example ?

Answer 32

in respiratory tract due to smoking slaivary gland + pancrease + bile duct V-A deficinecy

Question 33

columnar epithelial metaplasia ?

Answer 33

barrett esophagus ?

Question 34

Barrett esophagus process ?

Answer 34

influenced by reflux gastric acid esophageal squamous epithelium is replaced by intestinal like coloumnar cell

Question 35

B esophagus fate ?

Answer 35

esophageal adenocarcinoma

Question 36

CT metaplasia example >

Answer 36

bone dormation in muscle - myositis ossificans fibroblast & adipose tissue converted to osteoblast

Question 37

V-A deficiency fate >

Answer 37

induce squamous metaplasia in respiratory epithelium

Question 38

which metaplasia doesnot turn into malignant form ?

Answer 38

apocrine metaplasia of breats

Question 39

sequence ?

Answer 39

M ---------- dyplasia ===== malignancy

Question 40

why metaplasia double edge sword ?

Answer 40

1. malignant transformation 2.alternation of the normal physiological fucntion

Question 41

advantages of metaplasia ?

Answer 41

survival of the cells in the adverse enviroment

Question 42

Mechanism of metaplasia ?

Answer 42

1. re-programming of stem cells present in local tissue 2.colonization by differentiated cell populationa from adjacent sites

Question 43

risk of metaplasia in cervix ?

Answer 43

cervical carcinoma

Question 44

psammoma bodies ???

Answer 44

round microscopic calcific collections

Question 45

sites of psammoma bodies ?

Answer 45

papillary carcinoma of thyroid papillary renal cell carcinoma prolactinoma meningioma mesothelioma serous cystadenocaercinoma of the ovary somatostatinoma 70

Question 46

what is pathologic calcification ?

Answer 46

abnormal tissue depostion of Ca salts together wwith small amout of iron Mg

Question 47

dystrophic calcification ??

Answer 47

69

Question 48

H & E stain Ca salt apperance ?

Answer 48

basophilic blue amorphous granular clumpes apperance

Question 49

clinical significance of dystrophic calcification ?

Answer 49

organ dysfunction calcified valvular heart disease + atherosclerosis

Question 50

clinical significance of metastatic calcification ?

Answer 50

massive involvement of the lungs -- respiratory deficits kidney ---------- nephrocalcinosis - renal damage

Question 51

neoplasms commonly metastasize to bones ?

Answer 51

breast bronchial thryoid prostatic kidney

Question 52

fatty changes vs fat necrosis ???

Answer 52

68

Question 53

fatty change other name ?

Answer 53

steatosis

Question 54

steatosis def ?

Answer 54

Abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within the p[arenchymal cells

Question 55

fatty change in heart ?

Answer 55

diptheria severe anaemia

Question 56

M/A of fatty changes ???????

Answer 56

67

Question 57

microscopic of fatty change ?

Answer 57

lipid cacuoles in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes

Question 58

consequences of fatty change ?

Answer 58

cirrhosis hepatocellular carcinoma 67

Question 59

morphology of aged cell ?

Answer 59

accumulation of lipofuscin + aged cell + abnromally folded protein

Question 60

how fatty changes in PEM >

Answer 60

67