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Pathology-Medical-Prof > Cellular Adaptation > Flashcards

Cellular Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular adaptation defination ?

A

adaptation are reversible changes in the size
number
phenotype
metabollic activity
functions of cell
in response to
changes in their enviroment

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2
Q

types of cellular adaptation ?

A

hypertrophy
hyperplasia
atrophy
metaplasia

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3
Q

hyperthrophy defination ???

A

inc in the size of the cells
that results in
an inc in the size of affecxted organ

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4
Q

sites of hypertrophy ?

A

skeletal
cardiac

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5
Q

causes of hypertrophy ?

A

hormonal stimulation
inc functional demand

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6
Q

physiologic hypertrophy ?

A

skleteal muscle - bopdy builder
uterus - preganancy
breast - lactation

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7
Q

pathological Hypertrophy ?

A

LVH

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8
Q

LVH M/A ?

A

54

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9
Q

what is hyperplasia >

A

inc in the number of cells
in response to a stimuli

56

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10
Q

both hyperplasia + hypertrophy ?

A

uterus
breast

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11
Q

physiologic hyperplasia ?

A

hormonal
— female breast during pregnancy + lactation
——preganant uterus

compensatory
—–partial hepatectomy + unilateral nephrectomy

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12
Q

pathologic hyperplasia ?

A

endometrial
BPH
Skin warts - papilloma virus

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13
Q

clinical importance of hyperplasia ?

A

pathologic hyperplasia ========================== endometrial cancer

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14
Q

hypoplasia ?

A

incomplete development
dec size of an organ
dec no of cells

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15
Q

hypoplasia example ?

A

turners + klinefelter syndrome

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16
Q

hyperplasia VS hypertrophy ?

A

58y

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17
Q

hypertrophy in which cell ?

A

permanent cell

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18
Q

hyperplasia in which cell ?

A

labile/stable

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19
Q

mitosis ocuur in which one ?

A

hyperplasia

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20
Q

Hyperplasia VS Neoplasia ?

A

58

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21
Q

atrophy ??

A

reduction in the size of an organ / tuissue due to dec in the cell and number

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22
Q

physiological atrophy ?

A

feetal development
atrophy of notochord & thyroglossal duct
uterus during delivery

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23
Q

pathological atrophy ?

A

denervation
disuse
pressure
due to starvation
senile atrophy

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24
Q

M/A of atrophy ?

A

dec protein synthesis
inc protein degradation

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25
Q

inc protein degradation M/A ?

A

lysosomes
ubiquitin proteosome pathway
inc number of autophagic vacules

26
Q

what is brown atrophy ?

A

some of the cellular debris resist digestion while formation of autophagic vacules
they persist as residual body
brown discoloration === brown atrophy

27
Q

example of brown atrophy ?

A

lipofuscin granules

28
Q

other name of L granules <

A

wear and tear tissuet

29
Q

metaplasia defination ?

A

reversible change in which one typee of cell is replaced by another cell type

30
Q

metaplasia type ?

A

epithelial
CT metaplasia

31
Q

epithelial metaplasia classify ?

A

squmous
coloumnar

32
Q

squamous epuithelial metaplasia example ?

A

in respiratory tract due to smoking
slaivary gland + pancrease + bile duct
V-A deficinecy

33
Q

columnar epithelial metaplasia ?

A

barrett esophagus ?

34
Q

Barrett esophagus process ?

A

influenced by reflux gastric acid
esophageal squamous epithelium is replaced by intestinal like coloumnar cell

35
Q

B esophagus fate ?

A

esophageal adenocarcinoma

36
Q

CT metaplasia example >

A

bone dormation in muscle - myositis ossificans
fibroblast & adipose tissue converted to osteoblast

37
Q

V-A deficiency fate >

A

induce squamous metaplasia
in respiratory epithelium

38
Q

which metaplasia doesnot turn into malignant form ?

A

apocrine metaplasia of breats

39
Q

sequence ?

A

M ———- dyplasia ===== malignancy

40
Q

why metaplasia double edge sword ?

A
  1. malignant transformation
    2.alternation of the normal physiological fucntion
41
Q

advantages of metaplasia ?

A

survival of the cells in the adverse enviroment

42
Q

Mechanism of metaplasia ?

A
  1. re-programming of stem cells present in local tissue
    2.colonization by differentiated cell populationa from adjacent sites
43
Q

risk of metaplasia in cervix ?

A

cervical carcinoma

44
Q

psammoma bodies ???

A

round microscopic calcific collections

45
Q

sites of psammoma bodies ?

A

papillary carcinoma of thyroid
papillary renal cell carcinoma
prolactinoma
meningioma
mesothelioma
serous cystadenocaercinoma of the ovary
somatostatinoma

70

46
Q

what is pathologic calcification ?

A

abnormal tissue depostion of Ca salts together wwith small amout of iron Mg

47
Q

dystrophic calcification ??

48
Q

H & E stain Ca salt apperance ?

A

basophilic blue
amorphous granular
clumpes apperance

49
Q

clinical significance of dystrophic calcification ?

A

organ dysfunction
calcified valvular heart disease
+ atherosclerosis

50
Q

clinical significance of metastatic calcification ?

A

massive involvement of the lungs – respiratory deficits
kidney ———- nephrocalcinosis - renal damage

51
Q

neoplasms commonly metastasize to bones ?

A

breast
bronchial
thryoid
prostatic
kidney

52
Q

fatty changes vs fat necrosis ???

53
Q

fatty change other name ?

54
Q

steatosis def ?

A

Abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within the p[arenchymal cells

55
Q

fatty change in heart ?

A

diptheria
severe anaemia

56
Q

M/A of fatty changes ???????

57
Q

microscopic of fatty change ?

A

lipid cacuoles
in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes

58
Q

consequences of fatty change ?

A

cirrhosis
hepatocellular carcinoma

67

59
Q

morphology of aged cell ?

A

accumulation of lipofuscin + aged cell + abnromally folded protein

60
Q

how fatty changes in PEM >

Pathology-Medical-Prof (35 decks)

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