Random Review METABOLIC/ENDOCRINE

Question 1

Clinical presentation of hyperthyroidism

Answer 1

• AKA Graves’ disease
• Hyperactive thyroid = elevated metabolism
• increased HR, fatigue, weight loss, heat intolerance, irritability/anxiety and muscle atrophy

Question 2

With hyperthyroidism, the thyroid produces large amounts of what?

Answer 2

Thyroxine, which suppresses thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion from the anterior pituitary through negative feedback inhibition

Question 3

Increased adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 3

• AKA Cushing’s disease
• hypertension, mental changes, weight gain, increased hair growth

Question 4

Exercise prescription for patients with diabetes

Answer 4

• Avoid exercise during peak insulin times
• exercise regularly and consistently (i.e. same time)

Question 5

Blood glucose levels that cause caution for exercise

Answer 5

Blood glucose <100 mg/dL
Blood glucose >250 mg/dL

Question 6

T-score for osteoporosis

Answer 6

-2.5 or lower

Question 7

T-score for osteopenia

Answer 7

-1 – -2.5

Question 8

T-score for normal bone mass

Answer 8

-1.0 or higher

Question 9

Afebrile

Answer 9

no fever present

Question 10

Clinical signs of sepsis

Answer 10

• fever
• tachycardia
• tachypnea

Question 11

Typical symptom of gout

Answer 11

• monoarticular arthritis w/ redness and swelling; - affects mostly 40-50 year olds and men

Question 12

Clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia

Answer 12

• Pallor
• Shallow respiration
• Tachycardia

Question 13

Signs of ketoacidosis

Answer 13

• increased respiration rate
• Muscle cramping
• irregular heart rate
• increased fatty acid metabolism resulting in acetone breath

Question 14

In patient’s with diabetes, how often should they replenish glucose during physical activity?

Answer 14

a snack is recommended for every 30 minutes of activity

Question 15

DM has a fasting glucose level of __?

Answer 15

> /= 126 mg/dL

Question 16

Blood glucose level that puts patient at risk for ketoacidosis

Answer 16

300+

Question 17

A normal A1C level is __?

Answer 17

below 5.7%

Question 18

Prediabetic A1C level is __?

Answer 18

level of 5.7% to 6.4%

Question 19

Diabetic A1C level is __?

Answer 19

6.5% or more

Question 20

Hypoglycemia is marked by…

Answer 20

pallor and shakiness but not usually by excessive thirst

Question 21

What impact does history of cancer have on using modalities?

Answer 21

Contraindicates heat, ultrasound, and use of e-stim

Question 22

Common effects of antipsychotic medications

Answer 22

• Tardive dyskinesia
• Hypotension

Question 23

Tardive dyskinesia

Answer 23

• Involuntary rhythmic movements of the mouth, tongue, jaw, trunk, or extremities
• Caused by disuse supersensitivity of the dopamine system (antipsychotic drugs often block dopamine receptors)

Question 24

Function of sebaceous glands

Answer 24

Secrete sebum for skin and hair lubrication

Question 25

Risk factors for developing DM2

Answer 25

• Prediabetes
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Obesity (BMI >25)
• First degree family history (parent or sibling)
• 45+ y/o
• Ethnicity: Native American, Latino American, Native Hawaiian, Black
• Gestational diabetes during pregnancy

Question 26

Recommendations for foot hygiene in patients w/ diabetes or diabetic wounds

Answer 26

• Clean feet daily
• Avoid barefoot walking
• Wear well-fitting shoes
• Wear clean, white cotton socks and change them daily

Question 27

Addison disease

Answer 27

• Chronic adrenal insufficiency
• Not enough cortisol to keep up w/ demand

Question 28

Why is aquatic therapy contraindicated w/ Addison disease?

Answer 28

• Heat and humidity causes vasodilation and lowers BP
• This could require more cortisol production

Question 29

Peak effect for rapid-acting insulin (like Humalog)

Answer 29

0.5-1.0 hours

Question 30

Peak effect for regular insulin (like Humalin R)

Answer 30

2-4 hours

Question 31

Peak effect for intermediate-acting insulin (like Humulin N)

Answer 31

6-12 hours

Question 32

Peak effect for long-acting insulin (like Lantus)

Answer 32

5-24 hours

Question 33

Metabolic syndrome

Answer 33

refers to a cluster of interrelated risk factors associated with increased risk of:
- cardiovascular events and death
- type 2 diabetes
- chronic kidney disease

Question 34

The most commonly recognized metabolic risk factors are

Answer 34

• visceral obesity
• dyslipidemia (elevated triglycerides and reduced HDL cholesterol)
• hypertension
• insulin resistance