Quiz form B

Question 1

According to Horney, Western society hinders people’s attempts to find love by:
Select one:
a. rewarding aggressiveness and competitiveness.
b. rewarding failure.
c. instilling feelings of free choice.
d. rewarding aggressiveness and competitiveness and instilling feelings of free choice.
e. none of the choices are correct.

Answer 1

d. rewarding aggressiveness and competitiveness and instilling feelings of free choice.

Question 2

Bandura calls situations in life beyond one’s deliberate control:
Select one:
a. chance encounters.
b. fortuitous events.
c. destiny.
d. chance encounters and fortuitous events.

Answer 2

d. chance encounters and fortuitous events.

Question 3

Which Sullivanian needs must be satisfied for the general well being of the organism?
Select one:
a. survival
b. dynamic
c. interpersonal Incorrect
d. general
e. zonal

Answer 3

d. general

Question 4

For May, neurotic symptoms:
Select one:
a. represent a failure in adjustment.
b. preserve one's Dasein
c. decrease ontological guilt.
d. lead to agape.

Answer 4

b. preserve one’s Dasein

Question 5

Thorndike’s original law of effect stated that:
Select one:
a. responses that are followed immediately by a satisfier tend to be stamped in.
b. responses that are followed immediately by an annoyer tend to be stamped out.
c. both a and b are correct.
d. none of the above are correct.

Answer 5

c. both a and b are correct.

Question 6

McCrae and Costa (1996) objected to earlier personality theories as over-relying on:
Select one:
a. laboratory evidence.
b. factor analysis.
c. theory.
d. clinical experiences and armchair speculation.

Answer 6

d. clinical experiences and armchair speculation.

Question 7

In Jungian psychology, the ego is to consciousness as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is to the whole personality.
Select one:
a. unconscious
b. collective unconscious
c. libido
d. self 
e. conscious

Answer 7

d. self )

Question 8

Skinner’s technique of “doing something else” is used:
Select one:
a. solely with self-control.
b. solely with social control.
c. with either self-control or social control.
d. with neither self-control nor social control.

Answer 8

a. solely with self-control.

Question 9

In psychoanalytic theory, unacceptable drives and impulses are repressed by the:
Select one:
a. id.
b. aggressive drive.
c. superego.
d. ego at the urging of the superego. 
e. ego-ideal.

Answer 9

d. ego at the urging of the superego.

Question 10

Adler would see an individual’s inconsistent behaviour as:
Select one:
a. evidence of a variety of basic motives.
b. a person’s attempt to strive for superiority.
c. a symptom of schizophrenia.
d. a conscious means of acquiring social interest.

Answer 10

b. a person’s attempt to strive for superiority.

Question 11

Erikson's core pathology of the play age is:
Select one:
a. inferiority.
b. shame.
c. doubt. 
d. inhibition.
e. aimlessness.

Answer 11

d. inhibition.

Question 12

Which did Fromm not list as a sadistic tendency?
Select one:
a. the need to accept criticism from others
b. the need to gain power over others
c. the need to exploit and use others
d. the desire to see others suffer
e. none of the choices

Answer 12

a. the need to accept criticism from others Correct(ch07)

Question 13

The purpose of Kelly’s fixed-role therapy is to:
Select one:
a. solve specific problems.
b. reconstruct permeable personal constructs.
c. allow clients to discover hidden aspects of themselves.
d. help clients function more productively in their jobs.
e. help clients function more productively in their marriages.

Answer 13

c. allow clients to discover hidden aspects of themselves.

Question 14

Bandura believes that cognition:
Select one:
a. is solely responsible for behaviour.
b. serves as an autonomous force within the person.
c. is determined by behaviour and environment.
d. both a and b are correct.
e. a, b, and c are all correct.

Answer 14

c. is determined by behaviour and environment.

Question 15

For Rotter, the component “freedom of movement” is analogous to the more specific concept of:
Select one:
a. behavioral potential.
b. needs.
c. reinforcement value.
d. need potential.
e. expectancy

Answer 15

e. expectancy

Question 16

“A widening commitment to take care of the persons, the products, and the ideas one has learned to care for” is what Erikson called:
Select one:
a. intimacy.
b. care. 
c. procreativity.
d. generativity.
e. generalized sensuality.

Answer 16

b. care.

Question 17

Mischel suggests that one reason why our behaviour tends to be inconsistent is that we:
Select one:
a. have no unifying master motive.
b. have difficulty predicting the behaviour of others.
c. lack a consistent philosophy of life.
d. answers a, b, and c are all correct.
e. none of the above choices are correct.

Answer 17

b. have difficulty predicting the behaviour of others.

Question 18

Research by Hazan and Shaver found that people whose adult love relationships include trust, closeness, and positive emotions had which early childhood attachment style?
Select one:
a. neurotic symbiotic
b. anxious-resistant
c. secure 
d. anxious-avoidant

Answer 18

c. secure

Question 19

According to Jung, individuation, or self-realization:
Select one:
a. is common among young people.
b. requires inflating the ego.
c. involves replacing the ego with the self.
d. develops one function exclusively.

Answer 19

c. involves replacing the ego with the self.

Question 20

Sullivan believed that intimacy should develop during:

a. infancy.
b. childhood.
c. the juvenile era.
d. preadolescence.
e. early adolescence.

Answer 20

d. preadolescence.

Question 21

The ultimate value of any theory depends on its:
Select one:
a. usefulness. 
b. truthfulness.
c. reliability.
d. simplicity.

Answer 21

a. usefulness.

Question 22

which statement best characterizes the relationship between a theory and a hypothesis?
Select one:
a. A theory is narrower than a hypothesis.
b. A theory is directly verifiable, a hypothesis is not.
c. A theory is logically deduced from a specific hypothesis.
d. A theory may generate one or more hypotheses

Answer 22

d. A theory may generate one or more hypotheses

Question 23

For Maslow, coping behaviour is usually:
Select one:
a. learned.
b. conscious.
c. effortful.
d. all the choices are correct.

Answer 23

d. all the choices are correct.

Question 24

Allport favoured a view of personality that regards behaviour as:
Select one:
a. proactive. 
b. reactive.
c. homeostatic.
d. learned.
e. nonscientific.

Answer 24

a. proactive.

Question 25

According to Freud’s theory, anxiety:
Select one:
a. results from repression of libidinal impulses.
b. represents one type of defense mechanism.
c. instigates repression.
d. is a property of the superego.
e. is felt by the id.

Answer 25

c. instigates repression.

Question 26

Horney believed that neurotics move toward people because they experience:
Select one:
a. deep feelings of helplessness. 
b. painful feelings of inferiority.
c. painful feelings of isolation.
d. deep feelings of love and affection.

Answer 26

a. deep feelings of helplessness.

Question 27

The transformation of instinctual drives into socially productive forces, such as art, science, and religion, is what Freud called:
Select one:
a. regression.
b. rationalization.
c. sublimation. 
d. acting out.
e. isolation.

Answer 27

c. sublimation.

Question 28

For May, the source of humanity's most intense pleasure and its most pervasive anxiety is:
Select one:
a. care.
b. sex. 
c. eros.
d. nonbeing.

Answer 28

b. sex.

Question 29

Freud hypothesized that a permissive, accepting attitude of parents during toilet training is likely to lead to which behaviours as the child grows to adulthood?
Select one:
a. generosity and benevolence
b. stubbornness, compulsiveness, and miserliness
c. masochism and/or sadism
d. sexual dysfunction and aggression

Answer 29

a. generosity and benevolence

Question 30

Which object relations theorist spent much time observing normal babies as they bonded with their mothers during the first 3 years of life?
Select one:
a. Melanie Klein
b. Margaret Mahler
c. Otto Kernberg
d. Heinz Kohut

Answer 30

b. Margaret Mahler

Question 31

According to Bandura, disengagement of internal control is most likely to occur when:
Select one:
a. a lawbreaker on trial attempts to convince the judge or jury of her innocence.
b. an otherwise law-abiding citizen attempts to convince himself that his criminal acts are justified.
c. the unconscious mind gains control of the conscious mind.
d. the conscious mind gains control of the unconscious mind.

Answer 31

b. an otherwise law-abiding citizen attempts to convince himself that his criminal acts are justified.

Question 32

Skinner believed that people:
Select one:
a. can design a society that will produce psychologically healthy personalities.
b. are by nature good and self-directed.
c. are by nature bad and must be controlled to protect society from their criminal behaviour.
d. will become loving, self-directed, and self-actualizing when all their basic needs are satisfied.

Answer 32

a. can design a society that will produce psychologically healthy personalities.

Question 33

Fromm called our capacity to be aware of ourselves as a separate entity:
Select one:
a. self-awareness.
b. a sense of identity. 
c. transcendence.
d. a frame of orientation.
Feedback

Answer 33

b. a sense of identity.

Question 34

or Fromm, the relatively permanent way in which people relate to themselves and to the world is called:
Select one:
a. character.
b. transcendence.
c. personality. 
d. reception.

Answer 34

a. character.

Question 35

Bandura reasons that if behaviour were completely a function of the environment:
Select one:
a. the capacity for self-consciousness would not exist.
b. behaviour would be totally consistent and unchanging.
c. reciprocal determinism would control behaviour.
d. behaviour would be more varied and less consistent.

Answer 35

d. behaviour would be more varied and less consistent.

Question 36

For Fromm, psychologically disturbed people have:
Select one:
a. received too much love from their mothers.
b. have failed to establish union with others.
c. have failed to resolve their normal Oedipus complex.
d. answers a and c are both correct.
e. answers a and b are both correct.
Feedback

Answer 36

b. have failed to establish union with others.

Question 37

Maslow assumed that:
Select one:
a. motivation is usually complex.
b. people are continually motivated by one need or another.
c. people in different cultures are motivated by the same basic needs or desires.
d. all the choices are correct.

Answer 37

d. all the choices are correct.

Question 38

In a state of disorganization, people's behaviour may be consistent with their:
Select one:
a. actualizing tendency.
b. shattered self-concept. 
c. formative tendency.
d. disorganizational tendency.

Answer 38

b. shattered self-concept.

Question 39

For May, freedom of being is synonymous with:
Select one:
a. existential freedom.
b. essential freedom. 
c. freedom of action.
d. freedom from destiny.
e. intentional freedom.

Answer 39

b. essential freedom.

Question 40

Horney believed that people are:
Select one:
a. innately healthy.
b. innately neurotic.
c. born with a potential for psychological health, but that this potential must be developed in a warm and loving atmosphere.
d. born with the potential for psychological health, but that this potential must be developed in an atmosphere of competition.

Answer 40

c. born with a potential for psychological health, but that this potential must be developed in a warm and loving atmosphere.

Question 41

According to Freud, normally, in post-Oedipal identification with his father, a boy:
Select one:
a. accepts homosexual feelings toward his father.
b. rejects the hated and feared father.
c. wants to be his father.
d. identifies with his father’s morals and ideals.

Answer 41

d. identifies with his father’s morals and ideals.

Question 42

Kelly's view of human nature was essentially:
Select one:
a. optimistic. 
b. pessimistic.
c. deterministic.
d. causal.
e. biological.

Answer 42

a. optimistic.

Question 43

According to Eysenck, high P scorers are:
Select one:
a. punctual and precise.
b. caring and cooperative.
c. social and agreeable.
d. impulsive and hostile.

Answer 43

d. impulsive and hostile.

Question 44

Before developing fixed-role therapy, Kelly used an unusual procedure for modifying constructs. This procedure involved:
Select one:
a. encouraging clients to act out dreams.
b. offering clients “preposterous interpretations” to explain their behaviour.
c. using himself as the model to be imitated in therapy.
d. refusing to see clients for six months after the initial therapy session.

Answer 44

b. offering clients “preposterous interpretations” to explain their behaviour.

Question 45

According to Eysenck's findings, cold, nonconforming, and aggressive personalities tend to score high on:
Select one:
a. extraversion.
b. introversion.
c. neuroticism.
d. psychoticism.

Answer 45

d. psychoticism.

Question 46

In general, studies using the POI and the Short Index of the POI have found that self-actualizing people usually:
Select one:
a. resist or reject socially desirable cultural standards.
b. are low in creativity.
c. lack close interpersonal relationships.
d. all the choices are correct.

Answer 46

a. resist or reject socially desirable cultural standards.

Question 47

From Adler's biography, we know that:
Select one:
a. he came from a Jewish background.
b. he had a younger brother who died in infancy.
c. he was second born.
d. none of the above choices is correct.
e. answers a, b, and c are all correct.

Answer 47

e. answers a, b, and c are all correct.

Question 48

Maslow listed four criteria for reaching self-actualization, including:
Select one:
a. having complete freedom from any type of psychopathology.
b. achieving total satisfaction of all lower needs.
c. being motivated by the B-values.
d. having solved all interpersonal problems.

Answer 48

c. being motivated by the B-values.

Question 49

Kip seeks out powerful people to be his friends. Horney would say that Kip's need for a powerful partner:
Select one:
a. is an indication of high self-esteem.
b. is neurotic. 
c. produces basic anxiety.
d. will result in shame and guilt.

Answer 49

b. is neurotic

Question 50

Mahler believed that children begin to develop feelings of personal identity during which developmental stage?
Select one:
a. normal symbiosis 
b. separation-individuation
c. normal autism
d. preadolescence

Answer 50

b. separation-individuation

Question 51

Which of these is not characteristic of Rogers's “person of tomorrow”?
Select one:
a. openness to experience
b. trust in others
c. constant state of change 
d. harmonious relations with others

Answer 51

b. trust in others

Question 52

When Allport was a young man, he spent a year teaching in Europe. On his return trip home, he visited with his brother, Fayette, and had a memorable meeting with:
Select one:
a. Freud. 
b. Adler.
c. Hitler.
d. Jung.
e. Churchill.

Answer 52

a. Freud.

Question 53

Adler believed that maladjusted people set:
Select one:
a. their goals too low.
b. their goals too high. 
c. too many goals.
d. too few goals.

Answer 53

b. their goals too high.

Question 54

Eysenck believed that introverts are characterized by:
Select one:
a. lower levels of cortical arousal.
b. higher levels of cortical arousal.
c. low sensory threshold.
d. lower levels of cortical arousal and higher levels of cortical arousal.
e. higher levels of cortical arousal and low sensory threshold.

Answer 54

e. higher levels of cortical arousal and low sensory threshold.

Question 55

According to Jung, which function involves perception beyond consciousness?
Select one:
a. thinking
b. feeling
c. sensation
d. intuition

Answer 55

d. intuition

Question 56

Martyrs who sacrifice physical needs and personal safety for their beliefs, and heroes who risk their lives to save others illustrate Maslow's notion of:
Select one:
a. B-values.
b. metamotivation.
c. reversed order of needs. 
d. self-actualization.
e. neurotic needs.
Feedback

Answer 56

c. reversed order of needs.

Question 57

Horney believed that intrapsychic processes originate from:
Select one:
a. anatomical differences between the sexes.
b. interpersonal experiences.
c. the collective unconscious.
d. the neurotic trends.
e. instinctual strivings.

Answer 57

b. interpersonal experiences.

Question 58

Fromm asserted that as people gained more economic and political freedom, they felt more:
Select one:
a. isolation. 
b. dominance.
c. transcendence.
d. malignant aggression.
Feedback

Answer 58

The correct answer is: isolation.

Question 59

According to Sullivan, dissociation:

a. leads to the pursuit of satisfaction.
b. is the primary form of selective inattention.
c. is a conjunctive dynamism.
d. leads to the maintenance of interpersonal security.

Answer 59

d. leads to the maintenance of interpersonal security.

Question 60

According to Kelly, a person’s construct system:
Select one:
a. is mostly inherited.
b. is made up of a finite number of opposite constructs.
c. prevents free choice.
d. anticipates an infinite range of events.
e. cannot tolerate incompatible subsystems.

Answer 60

b. is made up of a finite number of opposite constructs.

Question 61

Horney recognized that some women may wish to be a man due to:
Select one:
a. penis envy.
b. womb envy.
c. cultural privileges for men.
d. anatomical differences between the sexes.

Answer 61

c. cultural privileges for men.

Question 62

May said that eros:
Select one:
a. is the salivation of sex.
b. is built on the foundation of agape. 
c. is the wish to establish a lasting union.
d. emerges during midlife.

Answer 62

c. is the wish to establish a lasting union.

Question 63

When operant conditioning is used to shape complex behaviour such as playing a piano, reinforcement is applied:
Select one:
a. through successive approximations.
b. by the process of punishment.
c. through an intermediary agent.
d. by waiting for the target behaviour to appear, then rewarding it.

Answer 63

a. through successive approximations.

Question 64

n Jungian psychology, religious fanatics swept up in a strongly felt cause are frequently introverted \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ types.
Select one:
a. intuiting
b. thinking 
c. sensing
d. judging

Answer 64

a. intuiting

Question 65

Rogers referred to the tendency for the person of tomorrow to live in the present moment as:
Select one:
a. self-actualization.
b. positive regard.
c. existential living. 
d. transcendence of time.

Answer 65

c. existential living.

Question 66

May was influenced by Søren Kierkegaard's view of anxiety as a struggle against:
Select one:
a. nonbeing. 
b. destiny.
c. fate.
d. intentionality.

Answer 66

a. nonbeing.

Question 67

Adler's concept of standing still is similar to Freud's concept of:
Select one:
a. fixation. 
b. repression.
c. regression.
d. sublimation.
e. projection.

Answer 67

a. fixation.

Question 68

Sullivan’s concept of humanity includes the notion that:
Select one:
a. people become humans through their interpersonal relations
b. people are driven by animal instincts from which they cannot escape.
c. differences among humans are more important than their similarities.
d. people are doomed to develop malevolent transformations to feel as though they were living among their enemies.

Answer 68

a. people become humans through their interpersonal relations

Question 69

A useful theory must be falsifiable, which means that it:
Select one:
a. will eventually be proven false.
b. must be precise enough to suggest research that may either support or fail to support its major tenets.
c. should be flexible enough to encompass opposing data into its framework.
d. must be either true or false.

Answer 69

b. must be precise enough to suggest research that may either support or fail to support its major tenets.

Question 70

According to Freud, the ego's dependency on the superego results in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ anxiety.
Select one:
a. basic
b. realistic
c. neurotic
d. moral 
e. traumatic

Answer 70

d. moral

Question 71

The night before Adler made his first trip to the United States, he dreamed that:
Select one:
a. his ship capsized and he had to swim to safety.
b. he saw Freud on board the ship and that Freud asked him to hold his coat.
c. he saw a smiling Freud on board the ship and that Freud admitted that individual psychology was superior to psychoanalysis.
d. a huge American audience was applauding loudly after one of his speeches.

Answer 71

a. his ship capsized and he had to swim to safety.

Question 72

Allport’s definition of personality included the notion of personality as:
Select one:
a. both dynamic and organized.
b. exclusively physiological.
c. determined in early childhood.
d. divided into two major types: introverts and extraverts.
e. all the above choices are correct.

Answer 72

a. both dynamic and organized.

Question 73

Erikson believed that the basic strength of infancy is:
Select one:
a. hope. 
b. pleasure.
c. satisfaction.
d. dependence.
e. joy.

Answer 73

a. hope.

Question 74

It is not what happens around us that make us experienced; it is successive construing and reconstruing that enriches our lives. This statement reflects Kelly's \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ corollary.
Select one:
a. range
b. fragmentation
c. commonality
d. experience

Answer 74

d. experience

Question 75

Vacillating, procrastinating, or behaving compulsively are examples of which Adlerian safeguarding tendency?
Select one:
a. moving backward
b. standing still
c. hesitating 
d. constructing obstacles
e. excuses

Answer 75

c. hesitating

Question 76

According to Erikson, the core pathology of adolescence is:
Select one:
a. withdrawal.
b. isolation.
c. inferiority.
d. incompetence.
e. role repudiation.

Answer 76

e. role repudiation.

Question 77

A compulsively neat person who is also stubborn and miserly is what Freud called an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ character.
Select one:
a. oral-receptive
b. oral-sadistic
c. anal 
d. ego-defense

Answer 77

c. anal

Question 78

For Allport, the term “morphogenic” refers to:
Select one:
a. patterned properties of the whole organism.
b. propriate strivings common to all people.
c. the organization aspect of the proprium.
d. motivation aspects of proactive behaviou

Answer 78

a. patterned properties of the whole organism.

Question 79

By his own admission, Rotter was most influenced by:
Select one:
a. Freud.
b. Thorndike.
c. Jung.
d. Adler

Answer 79

d. Adler

Question 80

Allport’s view of humanity includes the idea that:
Select one:
a. people are motivated primarily to reduce tension.
b. personality is determined by cultural factors.
c. people not only seek to reduce tensions, but to establish new ones.
d. people are essentially reactive.

Answer 80

c. people not only seek to reduce tensions, but to establish new ones.

Question 81

Adler believed that dreams:
Select one:
a. are expressions of infantile wishes.
b. provide clues for solving future problems.
c. are prophetic.
d. can be easily understood by the dreamer.

Answer 81

b. provide clues for solving future problems.

Question 82

What is the proper place of theory within science?
Select one:
a. Theories enable scientists to know how they should live their lives.
b. Theories are tools used by scientists to give meaning to observations.
c. Theory building is the ultimate aim of science.
d. Theories play no role in scientific pursuits.

Answer 82

b. Theories are tools used by scientists to give meaning to observations.

Question 83

Erikson suggested that the basic strength of the play age is:
Select one:
a. trust.
b. autonomy.
c. initiative. 
d. purpose.

Answer 83

d. purpose.

Question 84

According to Klein, infants use splitting as a means of:
Select one:
a. controlling conscious fantasies.
b. destroying the bad breast.
c. gaining control over their parents by dividing them against one another.
d. controlling good and bad aspects of themselves.

Answer 84

d. controlling good and bad aspects of themselves.

Question 85

Which statement is most nearly true?
Select one:
a. A theory can be a practical guide for a psychotherapist.
b. Theory and practice are mutually exclusive.
c. Other things being equal, the more complex a theory, the better.
d. A good theory gives opposing answers to a single question.

Answer 85

a. A theory can be a practical guide for a psychotherapist.

Question 86

According to Rogers, for a psychologically healthy person:
Select one:
a. there is a close agreement between ideal self and perceived self.
b. the organismic self learns to be consistent with the self-concept.
c. the ideal self remains on a higher level than the organismic self.
d. there is a wide gap between the ideal self and the perceived self.

Answer 86

a. there is a close agreement between ideal self and perceived self.

Question 87

According to Horney, the underlying cause of human neuroses is:
Select one:
a. the Oedipus complex.
b. physiological deficiencies.
c. restrictive toilet training.
d. human relations.

Answer 87

d. human relations.

Question 88

Jung would consider a person who relies blindly on thoughts and ideas that have been transmitted from others to be an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ type.
Select one:
a. extraverted feeling
b. introverted sensing
c. introverted feeling
d. extraverted intuiting
e. extraverted thinking

Answer 88

e. extraverted thinking

Question 89

Klein claimed that infants use the paranoid-schizoid position to:
Select one:
a. strengthen their attachment to their mother.
b. escape from reality.
c. fight off threats from older siblings.
d. control the good breast and fight off its persecutors.

Answer 89

d. control the good breast and fight off its persecutors.

Question 90

Klein’s depressive position includes:
Select one:
a. feelings of anxiety over losing a loved object and a sense of guilt for wanting to destroy that object.
b. feelings of persecution for wanting to destroy the bad breast.
c. a desire to devour and harbour the good breast.
d. a fear of being bitten by animals.

Answer 90

a. feelings of anxiety over losing a loved object and a sense of guilt for wanting to destroy that object.

Question 91

Harrison, a professional photographer, is dissatisfied with his latest work, judging several pictures as substandard according to his own criteria. Bandura would say that Harrison will probably:
Select one:
a. learn to live with substandard performance.
b. reward himself for substandard performance.
c. withhold reward for substandard performance.
d. become psychologically disturbed.

Answer 91

c. withhold reward for substandard performance.

Question 92

Rogers's approach to therapy is best termed:
Select one:
a. nondirective.
b. cognitive.
c. social learning.
d. client-centered. 
e. rational-emotional.

Answer 92

d. client-centered.

Question 93

During transitional periods between Sullivanian stages of development, previously dissociated or selectively inattended experiences:

a. are consensually validated with peers.
b. lead to the malevolent transformation.
c. result in completely new not-me or bad-me personifications.
d. may be permitted into the self-system.

Answer 93

d may be permitted into the self-system

Question 94

The key, ideal factor that has allowed Costa and McCrae to investigate the trait-structure of personality has been:
Select one:
a. the re-emergence in the 1970s of traits as the most viable explanation for personality.
b. the mentoring of Walter Mischel for both researchers.
c. serendipity and good fortune.
d. the existence of large, well-established dataset of adults through the NIH in Baltimore, Maryland.

Answer 94

d. the existence of large, well-established dataset of adults through the NIH in Baltimore, Maryland.

Question 95

According to Jung, the shadow:
Select one:
a. is the archetype of darkness and repression.
b. springs from the personal conscious.
c. represents humanity’s search for transcendence.
d. all the choices are correct.

Answer 95

a. is the archetype of darkness and repression.

Question 96

Concerning reinforcement, Skinner would most likely say that:
Select one:
a. money is an innate reinforcer.
b. money is reinforcing because it has value.
c. money has value because it is reinforcing.
d. all the above choices are correct.

Answer 96

c. money has value because it is reinforcing.

Question 97

According to Rotter, the behaviour potential in any situation is a function of:
Select one:
a. expectancy.
b. reinforcement value.
c. both expectancy and reinforcement value.
d. neither expectancy nor reinforcement value.

Answer 97

c. both expectancy and reinforcement value.

Question 98

In Jung's theory, the process of actualizing the various components of personality best describes:
Select one:
a. individuation. 
b. introversion.
c. extraversion.
d. style of life.
e. active imagination.

Answer 98

a. individuation.

Question 99

Which of the following is not one of Mischel and Shoda’s cognitive-affective units?
Select one:
a. self-efficacy
b. encoding strategies
c. goals and values
d. competencies and self-regulatory strategies
e. expectancies and beliefs

Answer 99

a. self-efficacy