Overview

Question 1

Freud

Answer 1

Psychoanalysis

Question 2

Adler

Answer 2

Individual Psychology

1) striving for success or superiority
2) subjective perception shapes behavior and personality
3) personality is unified and self-consistent
4) the value of human activity must be seen from the view of social interest
5) the self-consistent personality structure develops into a person’s style of life
6) style of life is molded by people’s creative power

Question 3

Jung

Answer 3

Analytical Psychology

Jung saw people as extremely complex beings who are a product of both conscious and unconscious personal experiences. However, people are also motivated by inherited remnants that spring from the collective experiences of their early ancestors.

Question 4

Klein

Answer 4

Object Relations Theory

Like Freud but:

(1) it places more emphasis on INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
(2) it stresses the infant’s relationship with the MOTHER rather than the father

(3) it suggests that people are MOTIVATED primarily for HUMAN CONTACT rather than for sexual pleasure
Underlying aim of a drive is to reduce tension and achieve pleasure

Question 5

Horney

Answer 5

Psychoanalytic Social Theory

Modern culture is too competitive and that competition leads to hostility and feelings of isolation. These conditions lead to exaggerated needs for affection and cause people to overvalue love.

Question 6

Fromm

Answer 6

Humanistic Psychoanalysis

humans have been torn away FROMM their prehistoric union with nature and left with no powerful instincts to adapt to a changing world. But because humans have acquired the ability to reason, they can think about their isolated condition—a situation Fromm called the human dilemma.

Question 7

Sullivan

Answer 7

Interpersonal Theory

people develop their personality within a social context

knowledge of human personality can be gained only through the scientific study of interpersonal relations.

healthy development when they are able to experience both intimacy and lust toward the same other person

Question 8

Erikson

Answer 8

Post−Freudian Theory

added the psychosocial identity crisis at different stages

The body ego
Experiences with our body
Seeing it as different from others

The ego ideal
The image of ourselves in comparison with the established ideal
Responsible with how satisfied we feel about ourselves physically and otherwise

The ego identity
Identity of ourselves in a variety of social roles we play

Question 9

Maslow

Answer 9

Holistic Dynamic Theory

(1) the whole organism is motivated at any one time;
(2) motivation is complex, and unconscious motives often underlie behavior;
(3) people are continually motivated by one need or another;
(4) people in different cultures are motivated by the same basic needs; and
(5) the basic needs can be arranged on a hierarchy.

Question 10

Rogers

Answer 10

Person−Centered Theory

The formative tendency

The actualizing tendency

congruent, authentic, empathy, unconditional positive regard; These conditions are necessary and sufficient

Question 11

May

Answer 11

Existential Psychology

• process and growth are more important than product and stagnation
• existentialists oppose the artificial split between subject and object.
• stress people’s search for meaning in their lives
• each of us is responsible for who we are and what we will become. Can’t blame parents
• anti-theoretical position, believing that theories tend to objectify people
• People have an equal degree of both freedom and responsibility (people frequently run away both from making choices and from assuming responsibility.)

Question 12

Allport

Answer 12

Psychology of the Individual

Attempts to describe people in terms of general
traits rob them of their unique individuality.

Allport objected to trait and factor theories

rejected the psychoanalytic and behavioral views of humanity as being too deterministic and
too mechanistic.

traits are not determined by unconscious motives originating in early childhood but by conscious choices

Question 13

Eysenck, McCrae, and Costa’s

Answer 13

Trait and Factor Theories

relatively permanent dispositions of people

factors that represent a cluster of closely related variables

Question 14

Skinner

Answer 14

Behavioral Analysis

(1) the individual’s personal
history of reinforcement

(2) natural selection

(3) the evolution of
cultural practices

Question 15

Bandura

Answer 15

Social Cognitive Theory

plasticity
triadic reciprocal causation
human agency (includes self-efficacy)
external and internal factors
moral agency (agentic perspective)

Question 16

Rotter and Mischel

Answer 16

Cognitive Social Learning Theory

• People’s reaction to environmental stimuli depends on the meaning or importance that they attach to an event
• personalities possess relative stability
• motivation is goal directed (rejects the notion that people are primarily motivated to reduce tension or seek pleasure)
• Rotter’s empirical law of effect, which “defines reinforcement as any action, condition, or event which affects the individual’s movement toward a goal”
• people are capable of anticipating events

Question 17

Kelly

Answer 17

Psychology of Personal Constructs

people anticipate events by the meanings or interpretations they place on those events

These meanings or interpretations are called constructs

behavior is shaped by their gradually expanding interpretation or construction of that world

Neither the past nor the future per se determines our behavior. Rather, our present view of the future shapes our actions.