Q4 form A

Question 1

Rogers believed that healthy individuals evaluate their experience from the viewpoint of:

a. their ideal self.
b. their organismic self.
c. significant others.
d. their self-concept.
e. society.

Answer 1

b. their organismic self.

Question 2

Rogers said that evaluations of a person by others tend to:

a. be readily incorporated into the person’s self-concept.
b. enhance change and growth.
c. distort the person’s self-concept.
d. have a positive influence on the self-concept.

Answer 2

c. distort the person’s self-concept.

Question 3

For Rogers, all behaviour is relative to the:

a. cognitive self.
b. ideal self.
c. genuine self.
d. formative tendency.
e. actualizing tendency.

Answer 3

e. actualizing tendency.

Question 4

For Rogers, the source of people’s positive self-regard is:

a. other people’s positive regard toward them.
b. outstanding personal achievements.
c. the conditions of worth they receive from others.
d. a pattern of successfully responding to other’s criticisms.

Answer 4

a. other people’s positive regard toward them.

Question 5

For Rogers, empathy is an effective part of therapy because it:

a. actualizes the formative tendency.
b. enhances conditions of worth.
c. enables clients to listen to their organismic self.
d. activates the ideal self.
e. facilitates adaptive incongruence.

Answer 5

c. enables clients to listen to their organismic self.

Question 6

May was critical of:

a. the antiscientific views of some existentialists.
b. attempts to dilute existential psychology into a painless method of psychological self-help.
c. Carl Rogers’s views on the nature of human evil.
d. all the above choices are correct.

Answer 6

d. all the above choices are correct.

Question 7

According to May, North American society frequently confuses sex with:

a. care.
b. eros.
c. pleasure.
d. philia.

Answer 7

b. eros.

Question 8

May believed that healthy adult relationships are based on:

a. sex.
b. eros.
c. philia.
d. agape.
e. all the above choices are correct.

Answer 8

e. all the above choices are correct.

Question 9

According to May, a person’s refusal to accept ontological guilt:

a. leads to superior adaptation.
b. indicates psychological health.
c. leads to neurotic or morbid guilt.
d. has no effect on Dasein.

Answer 9

c. leads to neurotic or morbid guilt.

Question 10

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, with its emphasis on biological drives and instincts, deals most specifically with:

a. Umwelt
b. Mitwelt
c. Eigenwelt
d. Dasein

Answer 10

a. Umwelt

Question 11

The term “character” originally meant:

a. an actor.
b. a marking or engraving.
c. an abnormal individual.
d. determinism.

Answer 11

b. a marking or engraving.

Question 12

The case of Marion Taylor was interesting to Allport because he studied her personality through which morphogenic method?

a. diaries
b. dreams
c. doodles
d. voice patterns

Answer 12

a. diaries

Question 13

Allport’s principal concern in personality theory was with:

a. factor analysis.
b. the uniqueness of the individual.
c. the heritability of personality traits.
d. early childhood experiences.
e. unconscious motivation.

Answer 13

b. the uniqueness of the individual.

Question 14

Allport termed less intensely felt personal dispositions that guide action ______________ dispositions.

a. dynamic
b. central
c. cardinal
d. motivational
e. stylistic

Answer 14

e. stylistic

Question 15

Allport believed that psychoanalytic and learning theories:

a. are basically homeostatic or unchanging.
b. study the psychological healthy individual.
c. are basically proactive.
d. all the choices are correct.
e. only a and b are correct.

Answer 15

a. are basically homeostatic or unchanging.

Question 16

eople who score low on openness to experience tend to:

a. be conventional and down-to-earth, preferring the familiar.
b. support traditional values and prefer a fixed lifestyle.
c. be curious, imaginative, and liberal minded.
d. both a and b are correct.

Answer 16

d. both a and b are correct.

Question 17

In Eysenck’s theory of personality, the three basic factors of P, E, and N are:

a. unrelated to each other.
b. primary traits.
c. negatively related to each other.
d. a single unified factor.

Answer 17

a. unrelated to each other.

Question 18

In factor analysis, correlations of scores with factors are called:

a. factor loadings.
b. factor theories.
c. trait theories.
d. superfactors.

Answer 18

a. factor loadings.

Question 19

The Five-Factor Model (FFM of personality shares origins with Eysenck’s model in that:

a. both emphasize individual case histories as data points.
b. both rely on taxonomies to generate research.
c. Eysenck relied heavily on the research of the FFM.
d. none of the above choices are correct.

Answer 19

b. both rely on taxonomies to generate research.

Question 20

Traits generated through factor analysis may be either ______________ or ______________.

a. unipolar; bipolar
b. unidimensional; multidimensional
c. conscious; unconscious
d. loaded; unloaded
e. static; rotated

Answer 20

a. unipolar; bipolar

Question 21

Give an overview of Rogers’s person-centered theory.

Answer 21

He based his personality theory on the idea that all forms of life and matter have a tendency to evolve from basic forms to more complex ones. For example an amoeba eventually splits, multiplies and turns into a more complex organism. This he called a formative tendency. Humans and other forms of life also have an actualizing tendency to evolve. Ultimately, humans also have a self-actualizing tendency or potential, which he saw as the highest form in the way a person can evolve psychologically.

Maintenance and enhancement are two extensions of the basic premise mentioned above. Maintenance refers to meeting our basic needs, such as in Maslow’s hierarchy. But it can also include resistance to change. Enhancement relates more to striving for improvements.

He emphasized the need for certain conditions for a human to develop to their fullest potential:

Unconditional love from caregivers is a big factor. When a person does not receive unconditional love, they may change their behaviour out in the world in a way that is compromising to their health in order to try and find ways of getting that love from external sources.

One way people cope with the results of having received conditional love is to form idealized ideas of who they are versus who they actually are. If the gap between the two is big, more neurosis and anxiety will emerge. His goal is to have people come to terms with who they are so that they are not living in fantasy versions of themselves either in idealistic sense or a destructive sense.

Question 22

Briefly discuss Rogers’s concept of self and its development.

Answer 22

The idea of the self starts to develop when infants get a subjective understanding of who they are. They initially define this in terms of likes/dislikes, preferences in terms of enjoyable or non-enjoyable experiences. For instance a baby might have a thought that resembles the notion of “I want to sleep now” or “ I want food” or “I don’t want loud, scary sounds around me”

The self-concept is the sum of all of which is in our awareness at a given moment. This can be skewed however, as sometimes, in order to fend off anxiety, we have to believe in ideas about ourselves that are erroneous.

Ideal self is the concept of how we imagine ourselves to be in an ideal situation. A person might see themselves as kind and considerate all the time in order to believe in the idea that they are a good person. However, on a certain day, they might not act in accordance with this idea. They will likely cling to the idea that they are ideal in order to maintain their ideal self identity.

Question 23

What is Existentialism?

Answer 23

Existentialism, a philosophy that emerged in the 19th century, based on Danish philosopher, Kierkegaard

The philosophy sought to unify the ideas of an objective and subjective experience. This fusion brings together the human experience in a more holistic way.

It also stresses the idea that process is more important than product. We are constantly in a state of flux.

It focusses on and supports the idea that we need to look for meaning in our lives.

It stresses the individuals responsibility for their own emotions/actions/ideas. That is, to steer clear from putting too much blame on parents, teachers, politicians for your state of mind.

It is more about the individual as opposed to over-arching theories that explain who we are.

Question 24

Discuss Allport’s definition of personality.

Answer 24

Allport defined personality as “the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine [the person’s] behavior and thought.”

Allport emphasized the unique characteristic in each individual. He was opposed to factor/trait theories as they did not acknowledge the individual enough.

Though he acknowledged Freud’s drive theory and early childhood experiences as having an effect on our lives, he cautioned against placing too much emphasis on unconscious factors. He believed that healthy people are mostly conscious of their decisions and had free will to decide how they wanted to live their lives.

He described two main categories of traits: common traits and personal dispositions. The common traits are ways in which we fit into society in terms of how we compare ourselves to others, whereas the personal dispositions tend to be unique to the individual.

Certain dispositions play bigger roles in determining who we are. He broke it down into 4 categories:

Cardinal dispostions

Central dispositions

Secondary dispositions

and Motivational/Stylistic dispositions

These dispositions, from top off the list to the bottom, can be said to carry most to least weight in terms of how they define us.

Question 25

Distinguish between normal and neurotic anxiety.

Answer 25

May believed that we should not be trying to get rid of all anxiety. He said that certain events that spawn growth will invariably bring upon anxiety. The way in which a person responds to this anxiety determines whether it is normal or neurotic.

As a performer, I am well acquainted with stage freight. If the anxiety gets so bad that I can’t move my hands on my guitar, my mouth is extra dry, my heart is racing uncontrollably, then this is a neurotic anxiety because the feelings are disproportionate to the danger. However, if I am being chased by a tiger, and my heart races, I have dreadful thoughts of being eaten alive, I scream at the top of my lungs, then this anxiety is normal anxiety as it is proportional to the threat of actually dying.