Q2 form A

Question 1

Which function tells us the value of something, according to Jung?

a. feeling
b. introversion
c. extraversion
d. thinking

Answer 1

a. feeling

Question 2

According to Jung, the confession of a pathogenic secret in psychotherapy involves the:

a. cathartic method.
b. psychoanalytic approach.
c. development of social interest.
d. stage of transformation

Answer 2

a. cathartic method.

Question 3

According to research by Thomas, Benne, Marr, Thomas, and Hume (2000), students most likely to drop out of engineering degree programs were:

a. high on introversion and thinking scales of the MBTI.
b. high on extroversion and feeling scales of the MBTI.
c. similar to those already in the engineering profession.
d. unusually introverted.

Answer 3

b. high on extroversion and feeling scales of the MBTI. Correct(ch04)

Question 4

One criticism of Jungian theory is that it:

a. has failed to spawn any Jungian therapists.
b. has generated no research.
c. is nearly impossible to falsify.
d. lacks popular appeal.

Answer 4

c. is nearly impossible to falsify.

Question 5

Jung’s notion of the collective unconscious refers to:

a. repressed childhood experiences.
b. repressed experiences from adolescence.
c. ideas inherited from our ancestors.
d. people’s tendency to react to biologically inherited response patterns.

Answer 5

d. people’s tendency to react to biologically inherited response patterns.

Question 6

The great mother is Jung’s archetype of:

a. farmers and ranchers.
b. nourishment and destruction.
c. children.
d. thinking and opinions.

Answer 6

b. nourishment and destruction.

Question 7

Jung’s theory sees humans as:

a. a composite of opposing forces.
b. evolved animals, but with no animal instincts.
c. destined to destroy themselves or others with modern warfare.
d. biological creatures trapped in a social environment.
e. helpless to shape our own behaviour and personality.

Answer 7

a. a composite of opposing forces.

Question 8

According to Klein, when the female Oedipus complex is successfully resolved, the little girl will:

a. see her mother as a rival.
b. fantasize about robbing her mother of the father’s penis and of her babies.
c. adopt a homosexual attitude toward her mother.
d. develop positive feelings toward both parents.
e. develop negative feelings toward her mother and neutral feelings toward her father.

Answer 8

d. develop positive feelings toward both parents.

Question 9

Klein believed that during the female Oedipus complex, the girl:

a. sees only the good aspects of the mother’s breast.
b. fantasizes that the father’s penis feeds the mother with babies.
c. sees only the bad aspects of the mother’s breast.
d. adopts a masculine position toward both parents.
e. holds her mother responsible for her lack of a penis.

Answer 9

b. fantasizes that the father’s penis feeds the mother with babies.

Question 10

According to Klein, the two basic positions are:

a. introjection and projection.
b. the paranoid-schizoid and the depressive.
c. ego and superego.
d. the mature and the immature.
e. the ideal and the real.

Answer 10

b. the paranoid-schizoid and the depressive. Correct

Question 11

If a hungry infant cries and kicks, Klein would say that it is:

a. motivated by the death instinct.
b. inventing a sign language to communicate distress with its mother.
c. fantasizing about kicking or destroying the “bad” breast.
d. engaging in random behaviour.

Answer 11

c. fantasizing about kicking or destroying the “bad” breast.

Question 12

Klein extended Freud’s psychoanalysis by emphasizing:

a. adolescence.
b. young adulthood.
c. old age.
d. very early infancy.

Answer 12

d. very early infancy.

Question 13

Klein agreed with Freud that people can be motivated by:

a. phylogenetic endowment.
b. a life instinct.
c. a death instinct.
d. all the choices are correct.
e. none of the choices are correct.

Answer 13

d. all the choices are correct.

Question 14

Individuals who adopt Horney’s neurotic trend of moving away from people typically fear:

a. needing others.
b. dependence upon others.
c. competition.
d. all the choices are correct.
e. only needing others and dependence upon others are correct.
Feedback

Answer 14

d. all the choices are correct.

Question 15

According to Horney, most neuroses stem from:

a. childhood.
b. adolescence.
c. an unhappy marriage.
d. genetic factors.

Answer 15

a. childhood.

Question 16

An outstanding characteristic of people who adopt Horney’s trend of moving toward people is:

a. self-confidence.
b. compliance.
c. aggressiveness.
d. detachment.

Answer 16

b. compliance.

Question 17

According to Horney, the attempts of neurotics to find love typically result in:

a. increased self-esteem.
b. decreased hostility.
c. basic anxiety.
d. success.

Answer 17

c. basic anxiety.

Question 18

Horney’s concept of humanity was based mostly on her:

a. clinical experiences with neurotic patients.
b. reaction against Freud’s psychoanalysis.
c. search for the self-actualizing person.
d. training in sociology.

Answer 18

a. clinical experiences with neurotic patients.

Question 19

Horney believed that people combat basic anxiety by adopting which mode of relating to people?

a. moving against others
b. moving toward others
c. moving away from others
d. all the choices are correct

Answer 19

d. all the choices are correct

Question 20

Horney believed that the cultural contradictions of society:

a. lead to intrapsychic conflict.
b. result in achievement and success.
c. are a result of anatomical differences between the sexes.
d. can never be successfully resolved.

Answer 20

a. lead to intrapsychic conflict.

Question 21

Define object relations theory.

Answer 21

Object relations theory is Klein’s extension of Freud’s idea that a person focuses on an object in order to alleviate a form of anxiety. For instance, in Klein’s theory, the mother’s breast is the object that infants focus on, because breasts have the ability to alleviate the anxiety and suffering of hunger. An object can be a person, part of a person or a thing.

Whereas in Freud’s work the object will satisfy the Id’s quest for pleasure, Klein saw objects as satisfying more generalized needs for infants, which are to connect through human contact with their caregivers

Klein’s theory is more centered around interpersonal relationships than Freud’s theory. It is also more focussed on relations with the mother rather than the father as in Freud’s theory.

Question 22

List and describe two major archetypes.

Answer 22

The Shadow is the side of ourselves that we’d rather not share with other people. It has questionable morality. It is responsible for our dark moods, disturbing thoughts about others and ourselves. Jung says that the Shadow must be uncovered on the path to self-realization (the first major challenge on the path).

The Anima is the feminine side of a man’s psyche. It is considered illogical, creative, intuitive, responsible for moods that men experience. Jung said that the second major challenge a man faces towards attaining self-realization is getting familiar with one’s anima. Some men would rather not get acquainted with their feminine sides, as this threatens their “manhood”

Men tend to project their anima, an idealized version of the feminine onto their wives or lovers and this causes anxiety, as a real life partner cannot live up to the idealization that the Anima represents.

Question 23

Describe Horney’s concept of humanity.

Answer 23

She described 3 ways that people interact, namely moving towards, away and against people. The three interact in a balanced way in a healthy individual, though neurotic people tend to rely on just one mode.

She believed that early childhood experiences do play a role in our later life relationships. This is an instance of causality. That said, she was optimistic and believed that with therapy a person could become conscious of the behaviors and attitudes that lead them down negative spirals. In this way, she leaned on the side of free will.

She believed that there was a way to make conscious the behavior which originates in the unconscious. She therefore is on the side that both conscious and unconscious factors affect our personalities.

She believed that social influences played a very big role, more so than biological influences. She pointed to society being overly competitive and this causing us anxiety. She also expressed the Oedipal complex in terms of social influences rather than Freud’s biological reasons.

She focused on people’s similarities as opposed to their differences.

Question 24

Explain Horney’s concept of intrapsychic conflicts.

Answer 24

Due to societal contradictions, people tend to create 2 visions of themselves in order to ward off anxiety. One is a vision of themselves as perfection, and the other is an idea of themselves as completely flawed. Both, of course, are disproportionate and cause a person to spiral into deeper experiences of anxiety.

In the first instance, people create an “Idealized self image” where they see themselves as a hero, genius, supreme lover, saint, god. These people are looking to be seen as perfect, strong, beautiful, unflawed. In doing so, Horneye describes their need for glory, which relates to unattainable perfectionism, over emphasis on ambition and a triumph that seeks to put others below themselves.

Neurotic claims are another feature: Classic example: Donald Trump claims his inauguration had many more people than it did.

Neurotic pride: a pride in fictionalized accomplishments. Self-aggrandizing attitudes about one’s place in society. These people avoid being challenged for fear that it will disrupt their distorted view of themselves.

On the flip side, self-hatred expresses itself with many thoughts that are un-compassionate towards one’s self. Self accusations, being too demanding of one’s self, being frustrated, tormenting one’s self and acting out in self destructive manners are all expressions of this part of the intrapsychic conflict.

Question 25

Briefly identify and describe Jung’s stages of personality development.

Answer 25

Jung describes 4 stages of development:

1) Childhood - birth to puberty, which he breaks down into three phases:
- Anarchic,
- Monarchic
- Dualistic

these 3 sub-phases express the development of awareness and the ego in terms of progressing from seeing oneself as objective to subjective… seeing oneself in the 3rd person to the 1st person POV

2) Youth - puberty until about 35 - 40
- extraverted goals
- focused on personality number 1
- independence from parents, school/training, career success, relationship and family

3) Mid life - 35/40 until old age
- a time to turn inwards
- to focus on the goal of self-realization
- let go of youthful goals, as the fruits of earlier ambitions won’t be as satisfying in this phase
- discover new meaning in life

4) Old age
- preparing for death by thinking of death as a natural progression from life
- taking stock of life
- a time for psychological rebirth and possibly considering life after death in the form of religion, mythology