Chapter 10 Rogers's Person-Centered Theory

Question 1

The formative tendency

Answer 1

Natures tendency to evolve from simpler forms to more complex ones

eg: vapor into snowflake, primitive consciousness to more advanced

Question 2

The actualizing tendency

Answer 2

Tendency within all humans towards complete fulfillment

All nature moves forward but only humans can actualize

Question 3

maintenance needs

Answer 3

Those basic needs that protect the status quo. They may be either physiological (e.g., food) or interpersonal (e.g., the need to maintain the current self-concept).

Question 4

enhancement needs

Answer 4

The need to develop, to grow, and to achieve.

Willingness to learn things that are not immediately rewarding

Question 5

a good partner is

Answer 5

congruent, authentic, empathy, unconditional positive regard; These conditions are necessary and sufficient

Question 6

organismic self (Rogers)

Answer 6

A more general term than
self-concept; refers to the entire person, including those
aspects of existence beyond awareness.

your stomach, unless it is upset and causing you to pay extra attention

Question 7

self-concept (Rogers)

Answer 7

Aspects of one’s being that are perceived in awareness, though not always accurately by the individual

Question 8

the ideal self

Answer 8

One’s view of one’s self as one wished to be

Question 9

A wide gap between the self-concept and the ideal self creates

Answer 9

incongruence

Question 10

The self has two subsystems:

Answer 10

1) the self-concept
2) the ideal self

A sense of self or personal identity begins to emerge during infancy, and once established, it allows a person to strive toward self-actualization, which is a subsystem of the actualization tendency

Question 11

3 levels of awareness

Answer 11

1) Below the threshold are ‘ignored or denied’
Sound of traffic ignore it

2) Some are ‘accurately symbolized or freely admitted to the self structure’
Non threatening and consistent with self image

3) experiences in ‘distorted form’
Something comes your way and you need to reshape it to fit your sense of self

Question 12

The two basic human needs + 2 more

Answer 12

The two basic human needs are maintenance and enhancement, but people also need positive regard and self-regard.

Question 13

Instead of unconditional positive regard people get

Answer 13

conditions of worth

Question 14

Perceptions of other peoples view of us are called

Answer 14

external evaluations

Question 15

Source of psychological disorder is the ______ between self concept and organismic experience

Answer 15

incongruence

Sometimes we are true to ourselves and sometimes we’re acting out of expectations from others which stemmed in conditional love

Question 16

The bigger the gap, the more ____ you are

Answer 16

vulnerable

Question 17

When we gain awareness of the incongruence it turns into an _____ and eventually a threat to our sense of self

Answer 17

anxiety

Question 18

When the organismic self and perceived self are incongruent, people will
become defensiveness, which breaks into 2 components:

Answer 18

Distortion

Denial

Question 19

Usual defenses sometimes fail and you get

Answer 19

disorganization

Question 20

3 conditions crucial to client-centered therapy that bring about the necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic growth

Answer 20

Congruence
Unconditional positive regard
Empathic listening

Question 21

6 parts of the process

Answer 21

1) clients are unwilling to communicate anything about themselves
2) they discuss only external events and other people
(3) they begin to talk about themselves, but still as an object;
(4) they discuss strong emotions that they have felt in the past;
(5) they begin to express present feelings;
(6) they freely allow into awareness those experiences that were previously denied or distorted
(7) they experience irreversible change and growth.

Question 22

Outcomes of client-centered therapy

Answer 22

more congruent, less defensive, more open to experience, and more realistic.

The gap between their ideal self and their true self narrows

less physiological and psychological tension

better relations

Question 23

The Person of Tomorrow

Answer 23

“fully functioning person”

Question 24

7 characteristics of the person of tomorrow

Answer 24

more adaptable

open to their experiences and Trust in their organismic selves not depend on others

live fully in the moment (existential living)

harmonious relations with others

more integrated

basic trust of human nature.

greater richness in life

Question 25

Philosophy of Science

Answer 25

Must have experience as a therapist before conducting research

Must care about and nurture ideas s they progress

The method of science is precise

Question 26

Findings of research on psychotherapy

Answer 26

therapy group—but not the wait group—showed a lessening of the gap between real self and ideal self.

not successful in bringing them to the level of the fully functioning persons or even to the level of “normal” psychological health.

people whose ideal self is at variance with their real self may turn to unhealthy behaviors as a means of coping with this discrepancy. (college kids drinking more)

People tend to be more fulfilled by intrinsic goals

Question 27

organismic valuing process (OVP)

Answer 27

a natural instinct guiding us toward the most fulfilling pursuits.

Question 28

Critique of Rogers

Answer 28

generate research moderate to high

Falsification - precise language makes it falsifiable but the whole theory is hard to put to the test

Organize knowledge is high

Guide to action - very high

Internally consistent - high as the definition are well defined

Parsimony - quite high with a few terms that are vague and undefinable

Question 29

Concept of Humanity

Answer 29

Free choice - the big decisions are within our control

Optimistic - yes - positive directive qualities live among the most messed up people - so he’s aware that people can be messed up but retains a sense of optimism

Teleology is strong based on goals of themselves

Conscious - stronger than un

Bio vs socials - he chooses social

Question 30

An individual becomes a person by making contact with a caregiver whose
positive regard for that individual fosters _____

Answer 30

positive self-regard.

Question 31

when a person experiences

conditions of worth, incongruence, defensiveness, and disorganization

Answer 31

Barriers to psychological growth exist

Question 32

what leads to vulnerability, anxiety,
and threat and prevent people from experiencing unconditional positive
regard.

Answer 32

Conditions of worth and external evaluation

Question 33

Vulnerable people are unaware of their incongruence and are likely to become

Answer 33

anxious, threatened, and defensive

Question 34

Discuss research on Rogers’ facilitative conditions in situations outside the therapeutic relationship

Answer 34

results supported Rogers’ notion that people whose ideal self is at variance with their real self may turn to unhealthy behaviors as a means of coping with this discrepancy