Chapter 4 Notes Flashcards
Carl Jung was trained as a
MD
Levels of the Psyche
Like freud with the conscious and unconscious but with the addition of the collective unconscious
Overview of Jung’s Analytical Psychology
people are extremely complex beings who possess a variety of opposing qualities, such as introversion and extraversion, masculinity and femininity, and rational and irrational drives.
Biography of Carl Jung
parents who were quite opposite of each other probably influenced his own theory of personality, including his fanciful No. 1 and Number 2 personalities
Self-realization is an archetype that achieved by
attaining a balance between archetypes
Levels of the Psyche
Conscious
Personal Unconscious
Collective Unconscious
Conscious
The ego thus represents the conscious side of personality, and in the psychologically mature individual, the ego is secondary to the self.
Personal Unconscious
psychic images not sensed by the ego
contains the complexes (emotionally toned groups of related ideas)
Collective unconscious
Jung’s idea of an inherited
unconscious, which is responsible for many of our
behaviors, ideas, and dream images
images are those that are beyond our personal experiences and that originate from the repeated experiences of our ancestors.
Archetypes
contents of the collective unconscious. Archetypes, also called primordial images or collective symbols, represent
psychic patterns of inherited behavior and are thus
distinguished from instincts, which are physical
impulses toward action. Typical archetypes are the
anima, animus, and shadow.
8 basic archetypes
persona shadow anima animus great mother wise old man hero self
persona
the side of our personality that we show to others
Refers to the mask in greek drama
Relates to his no.1 personality, which had to make accommodations to the outside world (doctor, politician act a certain way)
Shouldn’t identify too closely with it otherwise the whole self will be obscured and get in the way of self-realization
To be healthy is to strike a balance between demands of society and who we truly are
When he had his break from reality he had a hard time maintaining his persona
shadow
the dark side of personality. In order for people to reach full psychological maturity, they must first realize or accept their shadow. A second hurdle in achieving maturity is for men to accept their anima
Qualities we do not want to acknowledge and attempt to hide from ourselves and others
Morally objectionable tendencies
To be whole you must know your shadow and this is the first test of courage
Easier to see it in others and project it on to others
great mother
the archetype of nourishment and destruction
Derived from the anima
Mother is always associated with good and bad feelings
Fertility and nourishment on the one hand and power and destruction on the other
Can sustain and create offspring but can also neglect and devour her offspring
Symbolized by tree, garden, plow field, sea, heaven, home, country, church, hollow objects such as ovens and cooking utensils
With regard to destruction, she is symbolized by god-mother, mother of god, mother nature, mother earth , step mother or witch
Fertility and power combine to form the concept of rebirth which is a separate archetype but related to the great mother: reincarnation, baptism, resurrection, individuation and self realization
wise old man
the archetype of wisdom and meaning
Archetype of wisdom and meaning
Symbolizes humans preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life
People often falsely represent themselves as such but it is unconscious and not able to manifest in person form
Politicians, Michael stone etc
In dreams as father grandfather teacher philosopher guru doctor priest
In fairy tales as the king sage magician who comes to the aid of the troubled protagonist and helps him get out of misadventures
hero
the image we have of a conqueror who vanquishes evil but who has a single fatal flaw
Powerful person in mythology
Part god who fights evil in the form of dragons, serpents, monsters or demons
But they are often vulnerable - achilles heal, superman kryptonite
An immortal person with no weakness cannot be a hero
Frees us from feeling of impotence and misery
Symbolically overcoming the darkness of prehuman unconsciousness - before we were conscious, it was darkness
self
the image we have of fulfillment, completion, or perfection
It is the archetype of archetypes because it pulls together the other archetypes and unites them in a process called self-realization
Mandala is its ultimate symbol
In the collective unconscious the self appears as an ideal personality sometimes taking the form of christ buddha krishna
Includes conscious and unconscious mind
Unites the opposing elements of psyche including male/female, good/evil, light/dark
Yin yang represents the opposing forces
Self realization seldom exists but an ideal exists in the collective unconscious
To actualize, you have to overcome your fear of the unconscious, prevent the persona to dominate the personality, recognize your dark side and face your anima or animus
self-realization, which is symbolized by the
mandala, or perfect geometric figure
Dynamics of the Psyche
Was into both and criticized Freud for being too hung up on causality
Anima
All humans are psychically bisexual posses both masculine and feminine sides
Men’s second test of courage is becoming acquainted with his anima
Men are inclined to project his anima onto his wife or lover and not see her as she really is but as his personal and collective unconscious have determined her
Anima need not appear as a woman but may appear as a mood or feeling so the anima explains certain irrational moods and feelings
Men try to explain her away and denying the autonomous archetype
Animus
Masculine archetype in women
Symbolic of thinking and reasoning as opposed to feelings and irrationality in men
Influences the thinking in women
Projecting her distant ancestor’s experience with men onto her lover
This is in addition to her projections from her experiences with the actual past men in her lives
Also tied to the irrational thinking and illogical opinions attributed to women
Appears in dreams, fantasies, visions, and personified forms
Progression involves
adaptation to the outside world and the forward flow of psychic energy,
regression refers to
adaptation to the inner world and the backward flow of psychic energy. Jung believed that the backward step is essential to a person’s forward movement toward self-realization.
Psychological Types
Eight basic psychological types emerge from the union of two attitudes and four functions.
Eight basic psychological types emerge from the union of two attitudes and four functions. 2 attitudes are:
introversion
extraversion
The four functions are:
(1) thinking, or recognizing the meaning of stimuli; (2) feeling, or placing a value on something; (3) sensation, or taking in sensory stimuli; and (4) intuition, or perceiving elementary data that are beyond our awareness.
Jung referred to thinking and feeling as
rational functions
Jung referred to sensation and intuition
irrational functions
Stages of Development
Childhood, youth, middle age and old age
Childhood into 3 stages:
Anarchic
Chaotic and sporadic consciousness
Monarchic
Development of the ego beginning of logical and verbal thinking
See themselves objectively and refer to themselves in the 3rd person
Dualistic
Ego is divided into the subjective and objective
Refer to themselves in the 1st person and are aware of their existence as separate individuals
Youth
Puberty until middle life
youth, the period from puberty until middle life, which is a time for extraverted development and for being grounded to the real world of schooling, occupation, courtship, marriage, and family;
Strive to guan psychic and physical independence from the their parents, find a mate, raise a family and make a place in the world
Main problem is to overcome the natural tendency to cling to narrow consciousness of childhood
The desire to love in the past is called the conservative principle
A middle ages person who clings to youthful values faces a crippled second half of life handicapped in the capacity to achieve self-realization and impaired in the ability to establish new goals and seek new meaning in life
Middle Life
Starts at 35-40
people should be adopting an introverted, or subjective attitude;
when the sun past its zenith starts going down
Can present anxiety but also presents tremendous potential
Rigid from clinging onto physical attractiveness
Can’t live in the afternoon with the values of the morning
Psychological health is not enhanced by success in business prestige or satisfaction with family life
Look forward to the future with hope and anticipation surrender the lifestyle of youth and discover new meaning in life
Mature religious orientation that somehow involves life after death
Old age
a time for psychological rebirth, self-realization, and preparation for death.
Death is the goal of life and needs to be seen that way
He accomplished his way of helping older people come to terms by helping them come to terms with death
Lots of their dreams were of symbols of rebirth, long journeys or changes in location
Jung’s Methods of Investigation
word association test, dreams, and active imagination
Dream Analysis
Big dreams: special meaning for all people
Typical dreams: common to most people
Earliest dreams remembered
Active Imagination
concentrate on a single image until that image begins to appear in a different form. Eventually, the patient should see figures that represent archetypes and other collective unconscious images
goal of Jungian therapy
help neurotic patients become healthy and to move healthy people in the direction of self-realization. Jung was eclectic
Psychotherapy
4 stages:
Catharsis that emerges from telling your secrets
Interpretation, explanation, elucidation of meaning
As Adler suggests, education of patients as social beings (which freud didn’t believe in)
Transformation - towards self realization which must start with the therapists commitment to do so unto himself
Related Research
MBTI is a good indicator of who is willing to tolerate risk in investments
Thinking types have higher risk tolerance and feelers have lower tolerance, in line with jungian
I.e. Logically stock markets go up and down so don’t sweat it when it dips it’ll come back up but feelers cant handle it as well
Critique of Jung
Part of his theory regarding classification and typology can be tested and generate a moderate amount of research - moderate rating based on relationship to the myers briggs test
Organize observations into a meaningful framework:
Moderate rating based on the idea of the collective unconscious inclusion in the theory
Practicality
Usefulness is limited to those who subscribe to his tenets
Low rating
Internally consistent
It does not possesses a set of definable terms
Rated low on internal consistency
Parsimony
More cumbersome than necessary so low rating
More complex than necessary
Concept of Humanity
Jung saw people as extremely complex beings who are a product of both conscious and unconscious personal experiences. However, people are also motivated by inherited remnants that spring from the collective experiences of their early ancestors. Because Jungian theory is a psychology of opposites, it receives a moderate rating on the issues of free will versus determinism, optimism versus pessimism, and causality versus teleology. It rates very high on unconscious influences, low on uniqueness, and low on social influences.
Discuss research on Jungian typology as a means of selecting engineering students.
result supports the congruency or fit theory of persons and organizations, which states that those who do best in certain professions are those whose personality type matches closest with those already in the profession
Explain the difference between a complex and an archetype
Acomplexis a core pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme, such as power or status.
He believed that universal, mythic characters—archetypes—reside within the collective unconscious of people the world over
Name steps a person must master in order to reach the stage that Jung called self-realization
They can recognize their shadow as their own, become partially conscious of their feminine or masculine side, and cultivate more than a single function. This process, which Jung called individuation or self-realization,
Discuss the importance of Jung’s encounter with his anima
The process of gaining acquaintance with his anima was Jung’s second test of courage.
Jung believed that the anima originated from early men’s experiences with women—mothers, sisters, and lovers—that combined to form a generalized picture of woman. In time, this global concept became embedded in the collective unconscious of all men as the anima archetype. Since prehistoric days, every man has come into the world with a predetermined concept of woman that shapes and molds all his relationships with individual women. A man is especially inclined to project his
anima onto his wife or lover and to see her not as she really is but as his personal and collective unconscious have determined her. This anima can be the source of much misunderstanding in male-female relationships, but it may also be responsible for the alluring mystique woman has in the psyche of men
The anima need not appear in dreams as a woman, but can be represented by a feeling or mood. Thus, the anima influences the feeling side in man and is the explanation for certain irrational moods and feelings. During these moods a man almost never admits that his feminine side is casting her spell; instead, he either ignores the irrationality of the feelings or tries to explain them in a very rational masculine manner. In either event
he denies that an autonomous archetype, the anima, is responsible for his mood
Give specific examples of ways in which Jung’s personal life may have influenced his theory of personality.
Mid life break after splitting with freud and encounter with anima
Early life was ambitious and became a doctor
Two relationships with women - one for personality #1 and #2 brought out different sides of him
Describe how Jung’s experiences with women may have influenced his concept of personality.
- had 2 wives
- He saw his mother as having two separate dispositions. On one hand, she was realistic, practical, and warmhearted, but on the other, she was unstable,
mystical, clairvoyant, archaic, and ruthless. An emotional and sensitive child, - could be related to the Great Mother which is destruction and nourishment
Jung identified more with this second side of his mother, which he called her No. 2 or night personality (Alexander, 1990). At age 3 years, Jung was separated from his
mother, who had to be hospitalized for several months, and this separation deeply troubled young Carl. For a long time after, he felt distrustful whenever the word
“love” was mentioned. Years later he still associated “woman” with unreliability, whereas the word “father” meant reliable—but powerless (Jung, 1961).
- Give examples from literature, mythology, or fairy tales of the great mother archetype.
Cinderella, whose fairy godmother is able to create for her a world of horses, carriages, fancy
balls, and a charming prince. However, the powerful godmother could also destroy that world at the strike of midnight
