Chapter 18 MC

Question 1

Rotter’s theory assumes that

a. most human motivation is unconscious.
b. motivation is goal directed.
c. natural selection determines behavior.
d. people are primarily motivated to reduce tension.

Answer 1

b

Question 2

An event or condition that moves a person toward a goal would express Rotter’s concept of

a. the purposive postulate.
b. empirical determinism.
c. metamotivation.
d. dynamic dualism.
e. the empirical law of effect.

Answer 2

e

Question 3

Which of these is NOT one of Rotter’s four variables of prediction?

a. expectancy
b. locus of control
c. the psychological situation
d. reinforcement value
e. behavior potential

Answer 3

b

Question 4

Behavior potential in any situation is a function of reinforcement value and

a. interpersonal trust.
b. need value.
c. expectancy.
d. internal locus of control.

Answer 4

c

Question 5

Behavioral potential can be predicted when reinforcement value is held constant and

a. expectancy is also held constant.
b. expectancy varies.
c. drive strength is held constant.
d. drive strength varies.

Answer 5

b

Question 6

Rotter called a person’s subjective perception of the value of an event

a. the empirical law of effect
b. generalized expectancy
c. external reinforcement
d. internal reinforcement
e. negative reinforcement

Answer 6

d

Question 7

Rotter’s basic prediction formula states that behavior potential is a function of a person’s expectancy that behavior will be followed by reinforcement in a particular situation and by

a. one's physical comfort.
b. need potential.
c. reinforcement value.
d. freedom of movement.

Answer 7

c

Question 8

The basic prediction formula is most useful for making specific predictions. To make more generalized predictions, Rotter introduced the concept of

a. needs.
b. cognition.
c. goals.
d. reinforcement value.

Answer 8

a

Question 9

Which of these is NOT included among Rotter’s list of needs?

a. physical comfort
b. dominance
c. esteem
d. love and affection
e. independence

Answer 9

c

Question 10

The specific concept of expectancy is analogous to this term in the general prediction formula.

a. need potential
b. need value
c. freedom of movement
d. reinforcement value

Answer 10

c

Question 11

The extent to which a person prefers one set of reinforcements to another is called ______.

a. need potential
b. the law of effect
c. need value
d. interpersonal trust

Answer 11

c

Question 12

In the general prediction formula, need potential is a function of freedom of movement and

a. expectancy.
b. reinforcement value.
c. interpersonal trust.
d. need value.

Answer 12

d

Question 13

The Internal-External Control Scale measures

a. interpersonal trust.
b. generalized expectancies.
c. two types of people.
d. freedom of movement and need value.

Answer 13

b

Question 14

The Interpersonal Trust Scale measures

a. belief that people are naturally good.
b. belief that we live in the best of all possible worlds.
c. belief in behavior-outcome expectancies.
d. belief that one can rely on other people.

Answer 14

d

Question 15

Low freedom of movement and high need value are most likely to produce

a. a favorable outcome.
b. guilt.
c. conflict.
d. performance accomplishments.
e. shame.

Answer 15

c

Question 16

Compared with Bandura and Rotter, Walter Mischel placed more emphasis on

a. unconscious motivation.
b. self-efficacy.
c. generalized expectancies.
d. interpersonal trust.
e. delay of gratification.

Answer 16

e

Question 17

Mischel’s consistency paradox states that

a. human behavior is quite consistent from childhood to old age.
b. human behavior is much less consistent than most people realize.
c. most people regard behavior as relatively variable whereas empirical evidence suggests that it is quite consistent.
d. most people regard behavior as relatively consistent, whereas empirical evidence suggests that it is quite variable.

Answer 17

d

Question 18

Mischel assumed that behavior

a. is consistent from one situation to another.
b. is shaped by the interaction of person variables and situations variables.
c. is determined by genetic factors and personal variables.
d. is a hypothetical construct and thus is beyond scientific analysis.

Answer 18

b

Question 19

Mischel and Shoda’s system that accounts for variability across situations as well as stability of behavior within the person is called a

a. consistency paradox system.
b. cognitive-affective personality system.
c. trait and factor system.
d. variable disposition system.

Answer 19

b

Question 20

Mischel and Shoda use the term behavioral signature of personality to refer to

a. a person's pattern of variability of behavior.
b. personality as revealed by graphology.
c. a set of stylistic traits that guide behavior.
d. a set of motivational traits that generate behavior.

Answer 20

a

Question 21

Which of these is NOT one of Mischel’s person variables?

a. locus of control
b. competencies
c. expectancies
d. encoding strategies

Answer 21

a

Question 22

Mischel and Moore found that children who were encouraged to imagine real rewards while viewing pictures of rewards

a. were able to wait the entire test time for their rewards.
b. could not wait as long for the rewards as children who were exposed to pictures of rewards.
c. could not wait as long for the rewards as children who were exposed to the actual rewards.
d. could not wait as long as children who were exposed to no rewards.

Answer 22

b

Question 23

Rotter’s concept of humanity assumes that people

a. are motivated by their view of events more than by the events themselves.
b. are motivated by unconscious needs.
c. react to events rather than interacting with their meaningful environments.
d. have unlimited free will.
e. are motivated primarily by past experiences.

Answer 23

a

Question 24

Mischel’s cognitive-active personality system conceptualizes humans as

a. being motivated mostly by personal dispositions.
b. being goal-directed and active, not passively reactive.
c. primarily motivated by past experiences with rewards.
d. shaped largely by an interaction of variable personality traits and the situation.

Answer 24

d