Chapter 17 Notes Flashcards
Observational learning requires 4 things:
Processes Governing Observational Learning:
(1) attention to a model
(2) representation of observations (language in various forms)
(3) behavioral production
(4) motivation to perform the modeled behavior
Bandura characteristic of humans is
plasticity
triadic reciprocal causation model includes
behavioral, environment, and personal factors (thoughts, cognition, self-efficacy)
Two important environmental forces in the triadic model are
chance encounters and fortuitous events
5 Tenets of Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory
plasticity triadic reciprocal causation human agency (includes self-efficacy) external and internal factors moral agency (agentic perspective)
Enactive Learning
behavior can be learned when people think about and evaluate the consequences of their behaviors
we anticipate the effects of cold, wet weather and dress accordingly
Bandura (1986) criticized those theorists who attribute the cause of human behavior to
internal forces such as instincts, drives, needs, or intentions
Chance Encounters and Fortuitous Events are part of which aspect of the triadic reciprocal causation
environment
and they are not totally uncontrollable - increase your chances of meeting people if you leave you apartment
4 Core Features of Human Agency
intentionality
forethought
self-reactiveness
self-reflectiveness
Self-Efficacy is part of which aspect of the triadic reciprocal causation
P (person) factor
What Is Self-Efficacy?
factors that relate to their beliefs that they can or cannot execute the behavior necessary to produce desired outcomes in any particular situation
distinguished between efficacy expectations and outcome expectations
People can have high self-efficacy in one situation and low self-efficacy in another
4 things that contribute to Self-Efficacy
(1) mastery experiences
(2) social modeling - Watching a swimmer of equal ability fail to negotiate a choppy river will likely dissuade the observer from attempting the same task
(3) social persuasion - person must believe the persuader
(4) physical and emotional states
Proxy Agency
people have the capacity to rely on others for
goods and services
Collective Efficacy
the confidence people have that their combined efforts will bring about group accomplishments
4 aspects that can undermine collective efficacy
depletion of the ozone layers
recent technology that people neither understand
bureaucratic structures
magnitude of human problems
Self-Regulation
When people have high levels of self-efficacy, are confident in their reliance on proxies, and possess solid collective efficacy, they will have considerable capacity to
regulate their own behavior
External Factors in Self-Regulation
parents and teachers
monetary retainer or praise and encouragement from others
Internal Factors in Self-Regulation
(1) self-observation
(2) judgmental processes
(3) self-reaction
Self-Regulation Through Moral Agency
1) doing no harm to people
2) proactively helping people
selective activation is
self-regulatory influences are not automatic but operate only if they are activated
disengagement of internal control
by justifying the morality of their actions, they can separate or disengage themselves from the consequences of their behavior; we need war to fight off evil
4 ways which we disengage/selectively deactivate internal control
1) Redefine the Behavior - moral justification, euphemistic labels such as jews are vermin, advantageous comparisons
2) distort the Consequences of Behavior - I beat the child but he needed discipline
3) Dehumanize or Blame the Victims
4) Displace or Diffuse Responsibility
depression can occur in any of the three self-regulatory sub-functions
(1) self-observation - misjudge performance
(2) judgmental processes - set their standards unrealistically high so that any personal accomplishment will be judged as a failure
(3) self-reactions - treat themselves badly for their shortcomings
Phobias
difficult to extinguish because the phobic person simply avoids the threatening object
Aggression: five reasons
They enjoy inflicting injury on the victim (positive reinforcement);
they avoid or counter the aversive consequences of aggression by others (negative reinforcement);
they receive injury or harm for not behaving aggressively (punishment);
They live up to their personal standards of conduct by their aggressive behavior (self reinforcement);
they observe others receiving rewards for aggressive acts or punishment for nonaggressive behavior
The ultimate goal of social cognitive therapy is
self-regulation
emphasizes cognitive mediation, especially
perceived self-efficacy
Therapy Methods
introduces strategies designed to induce specific
behavioral changes, to generalize those changes to other situations, and to maintain those changes by preventing relapse
gradual shaping with wide generalization then narrower
overt or vicarious learning ; in film, videos of others
covert or cognitive modeling, the therapist trains patients to visualize models performing fearsome behaviors
enactive mastery, requires patients to perform those behaviors that previously produced incapacitating fears; Patients, while relaxed, enact the least threatening behavior and then gradually move through the hierarchy until they can perform the most threatening activity, all the while remaining at a low state of emotional arousal
Related Research
self efficacy is crucial to lessening the detrimental impact of the threat. Religiosity is one, but probably not the only, way to derive a stronger sense of self-efficacy during
such threats
Define and give examples of observational learning
people learn through observing others and by attending to the consequences of their own actions. Although he believes that reinforcement aids learning, he contends that people can learn in the absence of reinforcement and even of a response
Describe Bandura’s approach to understanding dysfunctional behavior
Dysfunction behavior is learned through the mutual interaction of the person (including cognitive and neurophysiological processes), the environment (including interpersonal relations), and behavioral factors (especially previous experiences with reinforcement)
Depression
Phobias
Aggression
Explain the differences between efficacy expectations and outcome expectations
I can have efficacy about doing my best at job interview but the outcomes are determined by so many more factors so that’s a different kind of expectation
List three differences between Skinner’s and Bandura’s theories.
In contrast to Skinner, Bandura
(1) recognizes that chance encounters and fortuitous events often shape one’s behavior
(2) places more emphasis on observational learning
(3) stresses the importance of cognitive factors in learning
(4) suggests that human activity is a function of behavior and person variables, as well as the environment
(5) believes that reinforcement is mediated by cognition
