Q3 Form A

Question 1

Fromm believed that authoritarianism takes two forms:

a. normal and neurotic.
b. fear and anxiety.
c. masochism and sadism.
d. obsessive and compulsive.

Answer 1

c. masochism and sadism.

Question 2

Fromm believed that people who use conformity as a mechanism of escape:

a. lack authenticity and individuality.
b. often behave in a stiff, predictable manner.
c. lose their identity as a unique person.
d. all of the choices.

Answer 2

d. all of the choices.

Question 3

Adrianna’s frame of orientation is constantly challenged by inconsistent information. Fromm would predict that Adrianna will:

a. force the information into an organization that she can understand.
b. make a major revision in her philosophy of life.
c. judge any information inconsistent with her life’s philosophy as common sense.
d. lose her sense of identity.

Answer 3

a. force the information into an organization that she can understand.

Question 4

For Fromm, productive and caring creation reflects the need for:

a. relatedness.
b. transcendence.
c. rootedness.
d. love.
e. a frame of orientation.

Answer 4

b. transcendence.

Question 5

Fromm regarded his parents as:

a. ideal models.
b. sinful.
c. quite neurotic.
d. overburdened with too many children.
e. overly religious.

Answer 5

c. quite neurotic.

Question 6

Sullivan’s self-system arises out of the interpersonal situation when an infant:

a. is approximately 12 to 18 months of age.
b. has developed intimacy with the mothering one.
c. is exposed to the malevolent attitude of the mothering one.
d. has been successfully trained.

Answer 6

a. is approximately 12 to 18 months of age.

Question 7

Sullivan, like Freud and Jung, saw personality as:

a. consisting of three levels of consciousness.
b. resulting from childhood trauma.
c. a product of the collective unconscious.
d. relatively fixed and unchanging.
e. an energy system.

Answer 7

e. an energy system.

Question 8

Sullivan’s belief in the therapeutic power of an intimate relationship during the

a. was based on his scientific observations of children and adolescents.
b. is true of male but not female relationships.
c. grew out of his psychiatric work with male schizophrenics.
d. appeared to grow out of his own childhood experiences.

Answer 8

d. appeared to grow out of his own childhood experiences.

Question 9

According to Sullivan, ______________ is the most critical epoch because errors made earlier can be corrected at this time.

a. childhood
b. late adolescence
c. juvenile
d. early adolescence
e. preadolescence

Answer 9

e. preadolescence

Question 10

According to Sullivan, ______________ incapacitates learning, blocks memory, and narrows perception.

a. tenderness
b. anxiety
c. lust
d. empathy
e. tensions of needs

Answer 10

b. anxiety

Question 11

According to Erikson, teaching and instructing in the ways of a society or culture typically occur during:

a. the play age.
b. the school age.
c. adolescence.
d. early adulthood.
e. late adulthood.

Answer 11

e. late adulthood.

b. the school age.

Question 12

Industry versus inferiority is Erikson’s psychosocial crisis of:

a. early childhood.
b. the play age.
c. the school age.
d. adolescence.

Answer 12

c. the school age.

Question 13

Research by Milene Morfei and colleagues (2004) found that:

a. adults high in generativity scored low on measures of life satisfaction.
b. women who focus on the well being of others pay a price of lowered satisfaction with their own lives.
c. men were more likely to work in non-helping professions but were more communal (in volunteer work).
d. generativity reaches its peak during late adolescence and early adulthood.
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Answer 13

b. women who focus on the well being of others pay a price of lowered satisfaction with their own lives.

Question 14

Erikson’s core pathology of old age is:

a. disdain.
b. rejection.
c. rage.
d. impotence.

Answer 14

a. disdain.

Question 15

According to Erikson, self-control and interpersonal control are the tasks of the ______________ stage of psychosocial development.

a. infancy
b. early childhood
c. latter childhood
d. play age
e. school age

Answer 15

b. early childhood

Question 16

According to Maslow, metamotivation:

a. is characterized by coping behaviour rather than expressive behaviour.
b. is associated with deficiency needs.
c. differentiates self-actualizers from non-self-actualizers.
d. all the choices are correct.

Answer 16

c. differentiates self-actualizers from non-self-actualizers.

Question 17

According to Maslow, metamotivation is:

a. a characteristic of psychotic individuals.
b. the need for friendship and acceptance by others.
c. a drive to do one’s best and to achieve fame.
d. the motivation of self-actualizing people. =

Answer 17

d. the motivation of self-actualizing people.

Question 18

Several studies have found that when people were instructed to “fake good” or “make a favourable impression” when filling out the Personal Orientation Inventory, they scored:

a. in the high range of self-actualization.
b. in the direction away from self-actualization.
c. in the neurotic and psychotic range.
d. within the normal range; the instructions had no effects on their responses.

Answer 18

b. in the direction away from self-actualization.

Question 19

Maslow criticized both psychoanalysis and behaviourism for their:

a. overemphasis on unconscious motivation.
b. inability to treat neurosis successfully.
c. unscientific viewpoints on personality.
d. limited view of humanity.

Answer 19

d. limited view of humanity.

Question 20

According to Maslow, the 14 B-values:

a. distinguish self-actualizing people from those healthy people who do not reach self-actualization.
b. are so highly interrelated that they probably represent a single factor.
c. will probably become 20 or 25 in number as people become more self-actualizing.
d. answers a and b are both correct.

Answer 20

d. answers a and b are both correct.

Question 21

Describe the Jonah complex.

Answer 21

The Jonah Complex refers to one’s fear of their own greatness, or running away from their fate as in the biblical story of Jonah
Maslow refers to 2 reasons why a person might do this:

1) you just can’t bear the ecstasy for very long on a physical level. It evokes a sense of overwhelmed emotions that we can’t handle for too long
2) this idea that you’re being immodest if you dare to dream too big…it insults our sense of false pride. “How dare I think that I can achieve such a great master-work!”

He says that everyone is susceptible to this complex, but it is much worse in neurotics.

Question 22

Explain Erikson’s epigenetic principle.

Answer 22

This is the idea that people’s personalities/egos evolve out of the previous phase. He likened our psychological evolution to the way in which our bodies evolve. For example we learn to stand, then walk, then run. In much the same way, people are moving towards new phases of psychological life built in part on the previous stage. When the new phase of development appears, it does not make the previous stage disappear. The previous phases are like a progression of foundations.

Question 23

Discuss Fromm’s basic assumptions about personality.

Answer 23

Fromm believed that we can only understand a person in light of their social/historical context. He believed that our current society based in capitalism, and the fact that we have been “torn from nature” has robbed us of our instincts thought left us strong in reasoning powers. This has led to more inner conflict, something he called the Human Dilemma, because it makes us aware of some troubling questions/truths:

1) how can we find meaning in life if we are all going to die
2) we are aware that we can arrive at some form of self-realization but also realize that there’s not enough time
3) we are ultimately alone, though we desperately try to solve the feeling of isolation - this sometimes leads us to feeling even more alone and isolated

Question 24

Give an overview of Sullivan’s interpersonal theory.

Answer 24

Like Fromm, Sullivan also believed that people develop their personality within a social context; understanding this context is key to understanding the person. He stressed scientific study of interpersonal relations to get a better understanding. He therefore focussed a lot of time detailing the various stages of development with regards to interpersonal relations. Intimacy was seen as a sign of health, and he realized that anxiety can hinder this intimacy within interpersonal relations at any age. He saw pre-adolescence as a time where intimacy has the potential to be experienced fully and that future stages of development can be altered for better or worse based on this stage.

His benchmark of a healthy adult is whether or not they were ultimately able to feel lust and intimacy towards the same person.

Question 25

Explain the process of psychotherapy from the perspective of interpersonal theory.

Answer 25

Sullivan believed that disorders were a result of fractured interpersonal intimacy. His first goal then was to establish a connection with the patient that made them feel at ease. He referred to the therapists role as a “participant observer”.

He stressed that it was one human being treating another. In cases where some institutionalized patients were deemed subhuman, he specifically asked his staff to foster a more humanistic attitude of respect, embodying his values of care and attention for the patient. This led to great results.

In session, he’d try to understand what was interfering with their interpersonal relations. He’d then try to help the patient become more aware and rectify their relations.

In sessions, he consistently asked himself 3 questions, which encapsulated his humanistic ideas. These questions would help him in establishing a true connection with the patient:

what is the patient saying to me?

How can I best put into words what I wish to say to the patient?

What is the general pattern of communication between us?