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RB Y1 GI > physiology 1 > Flashcards

physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

satiation

A

the feeling of fullness generated during a meal

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2
Q

satiety

A

period of time between termination of one meal and the initiation of the next

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3
Q

adiposity

A

the state of being obese

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4
Q

what do satiation signals do during meal

A

inc to limit meal size

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5
Q

satiation signals - 3

A 
CCK
peptide YY 
GLP-1 
oxyntomodulin 
obesatin
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6
Q

what is ghrelin

A

hunger signal

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7
Q

what do monoamines do

A

suppress food intake

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8
Q

what does glutamate, gaba and opioids do

A

inc food intake when injected into hypothalamic centres

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9
Q

which hormones report fat status to brain

A

leptin and insulin

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10
Q

where is leptin made

A

made and released from fat cells

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11
Q

what is use of leptin therapy limited by

A

leptin resistance

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12
Q

what is the present drug for the treatment of obesity

A

orlistat

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13
Q

what does orlistat do

A

inhibits pancreatic lipase dec triglyceride absorption

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14
Q

what effect does gastric by pass surgery have on those with type2 diabetes

A

complete resolution sometimes

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15
Q

what does uncoupling of electron transport do

A

non shivering thermogenesis - maintains body temp

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16
Q

what does brown adipose tissue contain

A

UCP

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17
Q

what is 24 DNP

A

an artificial uncoupler, anti obesity drug

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18
Q

what does overdose of DNP cause

A

death by overheating

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19
Q

where is UCP 3 found

A

skeletal muscle - involved in thermogenesis here

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20
Q

how does MDMA cause death

A

targets UCP 3 - death through sustained hyperthermia followed by skeletal muscle breakdown

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21
Q

what is the overall process of digestion and absorption called

A

assimilation

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22
Q

what is sucrose made of

A

glucose and fructose

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23
Q

what is lactose made of

A

glucose and galactose

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24
Q

what is amylose like

A

straight chain

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25
Q

what is amylopectin like

A

branched chain

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26
Q

compare the branching of glycogen to amylopectin

A

glycogen is more branched than amylopectin

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27
Q

what breaks eg starch down to oligosaccharides

A

alpha amylase

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28
Q

name some oligosaccharides

A

lactose and sucrose

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29
Q

what breaks oligosaccharides down to monosaccharides

A

oligosaccharidases

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30
Q

what does alpha amylase do

A

break down internal a1-4 linkages

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31
Q

what do oligosaccharidases do

A

cleave the terminal a1-4 linkages

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32
Q

because oligosaccharidases can cleave terminal linkages wht can they produce

A

glucose

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33
Q

what can maltase do

A

degrade the a1-4 linkages in straight chain oligomers up to 9 monomers in length

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34
Q

isomaltase

A

can split the branching a1-6 linkages of a limit dextrins

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35
Q

what is primary lactase deficiency due to

A

lack of LP allele

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36
Q

what is secondary lactase deficiency due to

A

damage to or infection of proximal small intestine

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37
Q

what is congenital lactase deficiency

A

rare Au R - no ability to digest lactose from birth

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38
Q

what happens if lactose intolerant and eat lactose

A

bloating abdominal pain and flatulence, loose stools and diarrhoea

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39
Q

what does a lactose challenge detect

A

hydrogen on the breath of individuals that has been produced from lactose

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40
Q

what does SGLT1 transport

A

gluucose or galactose

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41
Q

what does GLUT5 transport

A

fructose

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42
Q

what does GLUT2 transport

A

glucose and fructose as they exit from enterocytes

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43
Q

where is GLUT3 found

A

in neuronal cells

44
Q

how much of our daily intake does protein assimilation account for

A

10-15%

45
Q

what is the optimum pH of pepsin

A

1.8-3.5

46
Q

what do endopeptidases produce

A

oligopeptides

47
Q

name some endopeptidases

A

trypsin, chemotrypsin and elastase

48
Q

what do exopeptidases produce

A

single amino acids

49
Q

name some exopeptidases

A

Procarboxypeptidase A and B

50
Q

disfunction of what results in Hartnup disease

A

system B AT1

Na dependent

51
Q

disfunction of what results in cystinuria

A

system b AT1

Na independent

52
Q
  1. what happens to protein in the lumen
A

digested to amino acids or oligopeptides by pepsin and pancreatic protesases

53
Q
  1. what happens to oligopeptids at brush border
A

further hydrolysed to amino acids by peptidases

the amino acids are transported across the membrane via Na in/dependent transporters

54
Q
  1. how are oligopeptides transported across the brush border
A

by PepT1

55
Q
  1. what happens to oligopeptides in the cytoplasm
A

hydrolysed to AA by peptidases in the enterocyte

56
Q

what environment do lipids require

A

ampipathic

57
Q

how is an emulsion formed

A

churning and mixing and the alkaline pH

58
Q

what forms mixed micelles with emulsified dietary lipids

A

bile acids, phospholipids and cholesterol esters

59
Q

what are bile salts secreted in response to

A

CCK

60
Q

what do bile salts do to lipid

A

emulsify large droplets to small droplets

- inc surface area for the action of lipase

61
Q

what does failure to secrete bile salts result in

A

steatorrhoea

62
Q

function of colipase

A

allows lipase to access the lipid

63
Q

how are short chain fatty acids absorbed

A

diffuse through the enterocyte

64
Q

how are long chain fatty acids absrobed

A

resynthesized to triglycerides and incorporated into chylomicrons with apolipoproteins

65
Q

how do chylomicrons exit the enterocyte

A

exocytosis

66
Q

where are chylomicrons taken after the exit the enterocyte

A

in lymph vessels to systemic circulation via the thoracic duct

67
Q

what protein helps with the absorptionof choelsterol

A

NPC1L1

68
Q

what does ezetimbe blocks

A

NPC1L1 protein

69
Q

which form of iron can be absorbed

A

Fe 2+

70
Q

how does iron enter the enterocyte

A

via DMT1

71
Q

what is the storage form of iron

A

ferratin

72
Q

how does iron exit the enterocyte

A

via ferroportin

73
Q

how is vitamin B12 absorbed

A

ingested in food, salivary glands secrete haptocorin which binds to vitamin B12 in the stomach.

stomach parietal cells release IF - vitamin B12 is released from haptocorin and binds to IF in small intestine - this complex is absorbed in the terminal ileum by enterocytes

74
Q

what duct drains from the parotid gland

A

duct of stensen

75
Q

what duct drains from the submandibular gland

A

duct of wharton

76
Q

what duct drains from the sublingual gland

A

duct of Rinivus and common Bartholin

77
Q

what is the functional unit of the gland

A

salivon

78
Q

what do striated ducts unite to form

A

interlobular and excretory ducts

79
Q

what does a salivon consist of

A

acinus, serous demilunes, contractile myoepithelial cells surrounding the acinus and striated and intercalated ducts

80
Q

what can the acini be

A

mucus cells or serous cells

81
Q

what do serous cells produce

A

watery solution rich in a amylase

82
Q

what do the mucous cells produce

A

mucus rich secretion

83
Q

what are the functions of saliva

A

lubrication
protection
digestion
facilitate sucking by infant

84
Q

how does saliva provide protection

A

high Ca salt content to prevent deminerlisation of tooth enamel
lysosome attacks bacterial cell walls
lactoferrin chelates iron - limits its availability for bacteria requiring it
IgA
protein coats the teeth reducing bacterial adherence

85
Q

what are found in high conc in saliva

A

K and HCO3

86
Q

what is the secretion like from parotid glands

A

watery a amylase rich

87
Q

what is the secretion like from sublingual glands

A

mainly mucous cells

88
Q

how does HCO3 and K conc vary with flow rate

A

with inc flow rate

- HCO3 conc inc and K conc dec

89
Q

where is saliva secreted and modified

A

secreted from the acinar cells

modified by the duct cells

90
Q

what does modification of saliva do

A

remove Na and Cl and add K and HCO3

91
Q

what is the overall effect of modification of saliva

A

diluting

92
Q

what does simple stimulus of food activate

A

nucleus tractus solitarius

93
Q

what does acquired stimulus of food activate

A

cerebral cortex

94
Q

what does parasympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands occur via

A

CNIX (parotid) and CNVII

95
Q

what is the parasympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands mediated by

A

M3/M1 receptors

96
Q

what does sympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands occur via

A

Postganglionic fibres from superior cervical ganglia and adrenaline from adrenal medulla

97
Q

what is the sympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands mediated by

A

a and B1 receptors

small volume of thick mucous rich saliva

98
Q

what does the stomach mix food with gastric secretions to form

A

chyme

99
Q

how can the duondenum delay gastric emptying

A

neuronal response (enterogastric reflex)decreases antral peristalic activity

Hormonal response – release of enterogastrones [e.g. secretin and cholecystokinin CCK)] from duodenum inhibits stomach contraction

100
Q

why does fat delay gastric emptying

A

required for digestion and absorption in the small intestine

101
Q

why does Hypertonicity delay gastric emptying

A

products of carbohydrate and protein digestion are osmotically active and draw water into the small intestine – danger of reduced plasma volume and circulatory disturbances

102
Q

what do parietal cells secrete

A

HCl and IF

103
Q

what do enterochromaffin cells secrete

A

histamine

104
Q

what do D cells secrete

A

somatostatin

105
Q

what does somatostatin do

A

inhibit Hcl secretion

106
Q

what does histamine do

A

inc HCl secretion

RB Y1 GI (54 decks)

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