Pain! Flashcards
What is pain
Whatever the person experiencing it says it is, and it exists wherever the person says It does
can be due to actual or potential tissue damage
Describe Pain components
Location: where it is
Radiation: Where it spreads or extends to other area
Referred: Appears in very different area of the body from where its actually occurring
Quality
Describe Quality of pain
Stabbing, Burning, Itchy, Tingling, Cramping, aching, Dull, Shooting, Numb, Throbbing
What is the nurses role in helping with pain
Diagnose pain
Monitor for pain management
Evaluate level of pain relief
Advocate for the patient
Educate patient about treatment options for pain managment
Nonciceptive Pain
Results from external stimuli ( Toe stubbing, Sport injury )
Nonciceptive Pain examples
Is sharp, aching, throbbing pain
Visceral, Somatic, Referred and Radiating
Neuropathic Pain
Caused by nerve malfunction or injuries from trauma, disease, chemicals, infection or tumors
Can also be due to damage of PNS or CNS
Neuropathic Pain examples
Consists of burning, tingling, pins and needles
Allodynia, Hyperalgesia and Phantom Pain
Acute pain classification
Sudden onset pain
Lasts only through recovery, 30 days to 6 months
Chronic pain classification
Lasts more then 6 months
Persists beyond expecting healing process
Describe pain assessment
All patients should be asked if they are experiencing pain, many people won’t voluntary complain about pain!
Interview, History, Physical examination
What would you assess when doing patient interview for pain
Start of pain, What caused it, What triggers worsen or and what methods relieve it
Other if any symptoms
What would you assess when doing Physical examination for pain
Understand that pain is guided by age
Observe posture, verbal complaints and nonverbal cues like grimances
Describe the pain scale
Categories are Mild, Moderate, Severe
0-1=no pain
2-3=mild
3-4=moderate
5-6=severe
7-8=very severe
9-10=worst pain possible
Can be verbal or nonverbal
What are the Pharmacological pain preventions
Nonopioids
NSAIDs
Opioids
Hypnotics/Sedatives
What are opioids
Morphine, Fentanyl, Oxycodone, Oxymorphone, Hypercodone
What does it mean to be opioid naive
Person who has not recently taken enough opioid on a regular basis to become tolerant to the effects
What does it mean to be opioid tolerant
Person who has taken an opioid long enough at does high enough to develop tolerance to many of the effects
short acting/immediate release drugs
normal release
Onset in about 30 minute; shorter duration of 3-4 hours
extended release/sustained/controlled release drugs
release over a prolonged period
long acting drugs
drugs with a long half-life
What are the most used opioid analgesics
Morphine
Fentanyl
Hydromorphone
Oxycodone
Hydrocodone
Methadone
Tremadol
What are the opioids to avoid
MEPERIDINE & CODEINE
What are the adverts effects of opioids
Respiratory depression
Constipation
Nausea
Vomiting
Pruritus
Sedation
What are the drugs for Neuropathic pain
Opioids
Antidepressents
anticonvulsants
Local anesthetics
Steriods
Describe medical marijuana
Schedule I controlled substance
Not regulated by FDA
Nurses do not administer unless authorized by jurisdiction law
Patient of designated caregiver must administer
Describe the Analgesic Ladder
Based on their pain scale
1-4= mild pain, non opioids
5-6=moderate pain, weak opioids
7-10=severe pain, strong opioid
What do non opioids consist of
Ibuprofen, asprin
What do weak opioids consist of
codeine, tramadol, low dose morphine
What do strong opioids consist of
morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone
What are examples of non pharmacologic drugs
Herbal supplements
Acupuncture
Biofield therapy
Exercise programs
Physical therapy
Aquatic therapy
