Oxygenation! Flashcards
Hypoxia
Decreased level of O2 in tissues
Signs= increased restlessness, irritability, unexplained sudden confusion, rapid heart rate and rapid respiratory rate
Hypoxemia
Decreased level of O2 in blood, can lead to hypoxia if left untreated
Ventilation
Mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs
Diffusion
Passive exchange of oxygen and CO2 between areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
Perfusion
The process by which oxygenated capillary blood passes through body tissue
Inspiration
Diaphragm contracts and flattens as air field the lungs
Expiration
Diaphragm relaxes abd moves upward as the air is expelled
Normal respiratory rate
12-20 breaths per minute
Tidal volume
Amount of air that moves in and out in one breath
Eupnea
Normal breathing
Apnea
no breathing, respiratory arrest
Dyspnea
Labored breathing or shortness of breath that is painful
Orthopnea
Labored when laying flat
Polypnea
panting
Tachypnea
rapid breathing
RR= more then 20 breaths/minute
Bradypnea
slow breathing
RR= less then 10 breaths/minute
Hyperventilation
deep, rapid breathing
Hypoventilation
abnormally slow respiration
Cheyenne-stokes
Deep, rapid breathing and slow shallow breathing with periods of apnea
HGB levels
female: 12-16 g/dL
male: 14-18 g/dL
How much oxygen does is delivered: nasal cannula, oxygen mask, Venturi mask, partial rebreather
nasal cannula: 24-45%
oxygen mask: 40-60%
venturi mask: 20-50%
partial rebreather: 60-90%
What is respiratory acidosis & it’s causes
Retention of CO2
Arterial ph below 7.35
increased carbonic acid levels
Caused by hypoventillation, airway obstruction, medullary trauma or tumor, chest injury, cardiac arrest, CNS depressant
Respiratory acidosis signs and symptoms
Headache, Dyspnea, Fine tremors, Tachycardia, Hypertension, Depressed Reflexes
What is respiratory alkalosis & its causes
Caused by hyperventilation
pH greater than 7.45
Low plasma levels
Caused by hyperventilation due to acute asthma, PVD or Pneumonia
What are non pulmonary causes of respiratory alkalosis
Anxiety, panic attacks
Fever
Inflammation of the CNS
Septicemia
Hepatic failure
respiratory alkalosis signs and symptoms
deep rapid respirartions
respiratory rate of above 40
light headedness
dizziness
tingling of arms or hands
weakness
cardiac arrythmias
SaO2
percent of oxygen bound to hemoglobin
95% ideal
PaO2
amount of oxygen dissolved in blood serum
Co2
normally 35-46 mmHg
What are some diagnostics test you can take to check oxygenation levels
Sputum specimen, ABGs, pulse ox, pulmonary function test
Interventions for oxygenation to promote
high fowler position, deep breathing exercises, monitoring activity tolerance: are they able to walk to bed or to the bathroom, promoting secretion clearance, suctioning, O purse lip breathing
What are some pharmacological therapies for oxygenation
Albuterol(Ventolin) : opens airways
Inhaled corticosteroid: helps with inflammation swelling
Atrovent
What are the factors that affect tissue oxygenation
The environment: altitude, heat/cold, air pollution
Development factors such as age
lifestyle factors: nutrition, exercise, smoker, anxiety and stress
Kussmaul breathing
Deep, rapid exhalations that affect acid-base balance
Occurs metabolic acidosis
Biot respirations
Shallow breathing with periods of apnea
Occurs with CNS disorders
