Neuroscience Week 7: Mechanisms of Learning and Memory Flashcards
Learning definition
- The capacity of organisms to change their behavior in response to experience
- It maximizes their ability to adapt to their environment
- It allows individuals to understand causal relationships between events
Learning mechanism
unconditioned stimuli repeated until it becomes a conditioned stimulus that can allow for a conditioned response
Classical conditioning
- Habituation
- Sensitization
Habituation
Repeated stimulation results in a decreased response
Sensitization
Repeated stimulation leads to an increased response
Operant conditioning
Reinforcers can be?
- Primary (intrinsically desired)
- Secondary (not intrinsically valued)
Shaping
Schedule of reinforcement
5 listed
- Continuous
- Fixed ratio
- Fixed interval
- Variable ratio
- Variable interval
Continuous reinforcement schedule
presented after every response
Fixed Ratio reinforcement schedule
Presented after a designated # of responses
Fixed interval reinforcement schedule
Presented after a designated amount of time
Variable ratio reinforcement schedule
Presented after random # of responses
Variable interval reinforcement schedule
Presented after random amount of time
Continuous reinforcement effects
- Rapidly learning
- Rapid extinction
Fixed ratio reinforcement effects
Rapid response rate
Fixed interval reinforcement effects
- Response ↑ toward end of interval
- Response ↓ after reinforcement is given
Variable ratio reinforcement effects
Highly resistant to extinction
Variable ratio reinforcement effects
Highly resistant to extinction
Modeling description
observational learning in which a behavior is demonstrated and the observer imitates the behavior
Modeling effects
More efficient and faster than operant learning
Modeling limitations and caveats
- Limited by communication barriers and salience of the behavior
- can also be used to teach negative behaviors (maladaptive behaviors)
Extinction description
Spontaneous recovery description
Stimulus generalization description
Different types of memory processes
- short term (working/instant sec/min)
- Long term (hrs to years)
Long-term memory and circuits
- explicit (declarative)
- Implicit (nondeclarative)
declarative memory is
explicit
Nondeclarative memory is
Implicit
Explicit memory types
- Sematic memory
- Episodic memory
Implicit memory types
- Procedural memory
- Associative learning
- Nonassociative learning
Semantic memory description
What is a …?
Episodic memory description
What happened …?
Procedural memory description
How to …?
Associative learning description
Classical and operant conditioning
Nonassociative learning description
- habituation
- sensitization
Anatomical localization of memory types
Hippocampal damage
Thalamic damage: Dorsomedial thalamus
Wernicke-Korsakoff description and symptoms (6)
Basal nuclei damage
Lacunar amnesia
Amnesias Categories
6 listed
- Anterograde
- Retrograde amnesia
- Transient global amnesia
- Dissociative amnesia
- Post traumatic amnesia
- Lacunar amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
inability to create new memories while long-term memories from before the event remain intact
Retrograde amnesia
inability to recall memories before the acquired onset of amnesia
TGA AKA
Transient Global Amnesia
Transient Global Amnesia description
temporary short-term memory loss followed by recovery
Dissociative amnesia description
sudden loss of memory for important personal information
Post-traumatic amnesia description
resulting from concussion or other head trauma
Lacunar amnesia description
loss of memory about one specific event
Summary: explain
- classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- schedules of reinforcement
Summary: explain
- Classifications of memory
- Amnesias
Explicit memory definition
Explicit memory is one of the two main types of long-term human memory. It is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts
Implicit memory definition
- Implicit memory is one of the two main types of long-term human memory. It is acquired and used unconsciously and can affect thoughts and behaviors.
- One of its most common forms is procedural memory, which helps people performing certain tasks without conscious awareness of these previous experiences.
Skills and habits memory type and brain region
implicit procedural memory
- Striatum
- motor cortex
- cerebellum
Priming memory type and brain region
Implicit memory: procedural memory
- Neocortex
Emotional responses memory type and brain region
Implicit memory: Associative learning
- Amygdala
Nonassociative learning memory type and brain region
Implicit memory (habituation and sensitization)
- Reflex pathways
Semantic Memory memory type and brain region
Explicit memory
- Hippocampus - medial temporal lobe
- diencephalon (mammillary bodies and Thalamus)
Episodic memory: memory type and brain region
Explicit declarative memory
- Hippocampus - medial temporal lobe
- diencephalon (mammillary bodies and Thalamus)
Memory recall: Steps susceptible to protein synthesis inhibitors
Consolidation
and
Retrieval (Decon)
