Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Neuroscience Week 6: Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Neuroscience Week 6: Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the cellular organization of the cerebral cortex

A
  • The majority of cortex in mammals has 6 layers (neocortex)
  • Distinguished by various staining techniques

by

  • specific cell types
  • density of cell types
  • Pattern of myelination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do cortical regions cytoarchitectonically?

A

The cortical surface can be divided into varying regions based upon differing features of cytoarchitectonics alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Each hemisphere contains ________________ representations of the body and its surroundings (motor and sensory)`

A

Contralateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain cerebral hemisphere dominance

A

higher functions such as analytical thinking, language, emotion, spatial orientation and musical abilities are centered in one hemisphere more than the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The hemisphere that contains the centers for language production and comprehension is called

A

The dominant hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain hemisphere dominance

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Area 4

A

Primary motor area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Primary Motor Cortex function

A
  • Disproportionate representation of the body
  • Large regions: hand, digits, lips and tongue
  • Fine movements of the hand and fingers and speech
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lesions of the Primary motor cortex

A

Weakness of the body part contralateral to the specific area damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Identify blood supply

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Area 6

A

Premotor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Premotor and Supplementary motor function

A

Programming or organizing of the postural adjustments necessary to perform a skilled movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Premotor and Supplementary motor stimulation

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Damage to the Supplementary motor cortex often results in

A

Motor apraxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Motor Apraxia description

A

Inability to perform purposive movement even though no paralysis exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Damage to the _________________ often results in motor apraxia

A

Supplementary motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do you test for motor apraxia?

A

by asking the patient to do complex tasks, using commands such as “Pretend to comb your hair” or “Pretend to strike a match and blow it out” and so on. Patients with apraxia perform awkward movements that only minimally resemble those requested, despite having intact comprehension and an otherwise normal motor exam. This kind of apraxia is sometimes called ideomotor apraxia. In some patients, rather than affecting the distal extremities, apraxia can involve primarily the mouth and face, or movements of the whole body, such as walking or turning around.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Areas 44/45

A

Broca’s Area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Broca’s Area Function

A

Motor or expressive speech center: motor programs for the production of words and projections to muscles used in articulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lesions of Broca’s area lead to

A

expressive or motor aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lesions of _____________ lead to expressive or motor aphasia

A

Broca’s area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Expressive or motor aphasia description

A

characterized as nonfluent because of the slow, prolonged output of words, poor articulation and short sentences containing only the necessary verbs, nouns and pronouns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lesions limited to Broca’s area aphasia will be

A

mild and transient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

lesions to Broca’s area that also includes the adjacent frontal cortex and white matter tracts will be

A

Severe: result in mutism and frequently agraphia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Agraphia

A

Agraphia is an acquired neurological disorder causing a loss in the ability to communicate through writing, either due to some form of motor dysfunction or an inability to spell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Areas 1, 2 and 3

A

Somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Somatosensory cortex function

A

Somatotopic representation of sensory input (sensory homunculus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Somatosensory cortex stimulation results in

A

sharply localized contralateral sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Somatosensory cortex lesion

A

loss of tactile discrimination and proprioception on the contralateral side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

________________ shows an incredible amount of plascticity as shown by remapping after a crush injury or amputation

A

Somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Somatosensory cortex neuroplastic?

A

Yes the sensory cortex shows an incredible amount of plasticity as shown by remapping after a crush injury or amputation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Theory of phantom limb sensation

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Areas 5, 7, 39 and 40

A

Parietal Association area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Parietal Association Area function

A

orderly or sequential performance of tasks (especially hands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Parietal Association Area stimulation results in?

A

sharply localized contralateral sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Lesions of the parietal association area in the dominant hemisphere lead to

A

Astereognosis (tactile agnosia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

tactile agnosia

A

Tactile agnosia is characterized by the lack of ability to recognize objects through touch. The weight and texture of an object may be perceived, but the person can neither describe it by name nor comprehend its significance or meaning. Tactile agnosia is caused by lesions in the brain’s parietal association area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Astereognosis AKA

A

Tactile agnosia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Astereognosis description

A

(or tactile agnosia if only one hand is affected) is the inability to identify an object by active touch of the hands without other sensory input, such as visual or sensory information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Lesions to the parietal association area on the non-dominant hemisphere lead to

A

neglect syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Neglect syndrome is caused by?

A

lesions to the parietal association area on the non-dominant hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Neglect syndrome description

A

Such individuals with right-sided brain damage often fail to be aware of objects to their left, demonstrating neglect of leftward items.

The deficit may be so profound that patients are unaware of large objects, even people, towards their neglected or contralesional side - the side of space opposite brain damage. They may eat from only one side of a plate, write on one side of a page, shave or make-up only the non-neglected or ipsilesional side of their face (same side as brain damage). Their drawings may fail to include items towards the neglected side, for example when placing the numbers in a drawing of a clock (Fig.1). Many patients are often also unaware they have a deficit (anosognosia).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Area 41

A

Primary auditory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Area 42

A

Secondary auditory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Primary and secondary auditory cortex function

A

Auditory processing

46
Q

Stimulation to the primary and secondary auditory cortices results in

A

primary - leads to humming, buzzing, clicking or ringing

secondary - leads to a whistle or bell sound

47
Q

Stimulation of this area leads to a whistle of bell sound

A

Secondary auditory cortex (area 42)

48
Q

Stimulation of this area leads to humming, buzzing, clicking or ringing

A

primary auditory cortex (area 41)

49
Q

Unilateral lesion to the primary and secondary auditory cortices lead to?

A

no hearing loss. since. auditory pathways are bilateral but do cause difficulty recognizing direction and distance on the contralateral side

50
Q

Areas 21, 22 and 37

A

temporal lobe: visual association area

51
Q

Visual association cortex function

A

Strongly connected to the limbic system and associated with memory

52
Q

Visual association cortex stimulation results in?

A

Illusions of past events including visual, sounds and emotional content

53
Q

stimulation to this area causes illusions of past events including visual, sounds and emotional content

A

visual association cortex

54
Q

Left posterior emporal visual association cortex lesion

A

impaired learning or remembering verbal information

55
Q

Right posterior temporal visual association cortex lesion

A

impair learning and memory of visually based information

56
Q

Bilateral lesions of the temporal visual association cortex result in

A

prosopagnosia (the ability to recognize the faces of others)

57
Q

Area 22

A

Wernicke’s Area

58
Q

Wernicke’s Area Function

A

Comprehension and formulation of language

59
Q

Lesions of Wernicke’s Area will lead to?

A
  • Receptive or sensory aphasia
  • it is characterized as a fluent aphasia because production is normal but use of words is impaired
  • They are fluent, but cannot comprehend language in any form (spoken, heard, or read)
60
Q

Lesions to this area cause Receptive or sensory aphasia

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

61
Q

Patients with damage to Wernicke’s area

A
  • substitute one word for another
  • insert meaningless words
  • string together phrases of great length but no meaning
  • Also leads to Agraphia
62
Q

Broca’s Aphasia Repetition

A

Impaired

63
Q

Broca’s Aphasia Fluency

A

non-fluent

64
Q

Broca’s Aphasia comprehension

A

Intact

65
Q

Broca’s Aphasia area?

A

Inferior frontal gyrus

66
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia Fluency

A

Fluent

67
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia Comprehension

A

Impaired

68
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia Area

A

Superior temporal gyrus

69
Q

Conduction Aphasia Fluency

A

fluent

70
Q

Conduction Aphasia comprehension

A

intact

71
Q

Conduction Aphasia area

A

Arcuate fasiculus

72
Q

Global Aphasia fluency

A

nonfluent

73
Q

Global Aphasia Comprehension

A

Imparied

74
Q

Global Aphasia area

A

all areas affected

75
Q

Global Aphasia Repetition

A

impaired

76
Q

Conduction Aphasia repetition

A

impaired

77
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia repetition

A

Impaired

78
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia Repetition

A

Intact

79
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia fluency

A

nonfluent

80
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia comprehension

A

intact

81
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia Area

A

Frontal lobe surrounding Broca (which is spared)

82
Q

Transcortical sensory aphasia Repetition

A

Intact

83
Q

Transcortical sensory aphasia Fluency

A

fluent

84
Q

Transcortical sensory aphasia comprehension

A

impaired

85
Q

Transcortical sensory aphasia Area

A

Temporal lobe around Wernicke (which is spared)

86
Q

Transcortical mixed aphasia Repetition

A

Intact

87
Q

Transcortical mixed aphasia fluency

A

Nonfluent

88
Q

Transcortical mixed aphasia comprehension

A

impaired

89
Q

Transcortical mixed aphasia area

A

Watershed areas surrounding Broca, Wernicke and Arcuate fasciculus (all spared)

90
Q

Identify

A
91
Q

Identify

A
92
Q

Identify areas and associated aphasias

7 listed

A
93
Q

Identify

A
94
Q

Identify

A
95
Q

Areas 17, 18 and 19

A

Occipital lobe: Visual association

96
Q

Occipital lobe visual association area function

A

Visual processing (17)

perception of color, movement, direction of objects (18&19)

97
Q

Lesion to the Occipital lobe visual association area results in

A

Association areas (peristriate and parastriate) lead to visual agnosia (inability to recognize objects and their colors)

98
Q

Unilateral lesions of the Primary Visual Cortex lead to (V-I or 17)

A

contralateral homonymous hemianopsia (loss of half the field of view on the same side of both eyes

99
Q

Describe cerebral pathways

A
100
Q

Identify functional deficits and areas

A
101
Q

Identify

A
102
Q

Identify structure and lobe

A
103
Q

Identify Lesion effects

A
104
Q

Granular layer contains what cells

A

inhibitory cells

105
Q

Molecular layer cells

A

sparse pop of cells

106
Q

external granular layer cell type

A

stellate granular inhibitory cells

107
Q

1st 3 layers are primarily

A

cortico-cortico connections

108
Q

layer 4 is

A

chief input layer

109
Q

layer 5 is

A

chief output layer (striatum, brainstem, spinal cord)

110
Q

Layer 6 is

A

output to thalamus

Neuroscience (96 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions