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Neuroscience > Neuroscience Week 2: Development of the CNS & PNS > Flashcards

Neuroscience Week 2: Development of the CNS & PNS Flashcards

1
Q

Neurulation overview

A

Notochord induces overlying ectoderm to develop the neural plate

The neural plate folds into the neural tube and the neural crests are pinched off

the neural tube derives the CNS

the Neural crests derive the PNS + select other cells (e.g. melanocytes)

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2
Q

Notochord

A

Forms the embryonic central axis

Induces neural plate formation

Establishes central column of spine: degenerates to nucleus pulposus

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3
Q

Neurulation day 17

A

early regression of primitive streak and the development of the neural plate

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4
Q

Neurulation Day 18

A

neural plate invaginates to form neural groove that dips centrally

and

the neural folds that peak laterally

and the neural crests are located at the tips of the neural folds

and

somite development in the mesoderm

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5
Q

somites derived from?

A

Paraxial Mesoderm

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6
Q

Somites become

A
  • Sclerotome
  • Myotome
  • Dermatome
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7
Q

Sclerotome becomes

A

bone and cartilage

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8
Q

Myotome becomes

A

skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Dermatome becomes

A

dermis

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10
Q

Neurulation Day 21

A

primitive streak nearly completely regressed

neural groove starts to fully fold to form the neural tube which enters the mesoderm

it closes off in the center first

neural tube is closed and resides in the mesoderm

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11
Q

Neurulation Day 23

A

Much more of the neural tube is closed

the anterior cranial neuropore closes ~ day 24

The posterior caudal neuropore closes ~ day 26

somites form ridges under the ectoderm

neural crest cells above the neural tube (neural crest produce BMP and WNT) signal the neural tube to form the roof plate and bilateral allar plates

the floor plate of the neural tube is signaled by the notochord to form by SHH and signalled to form the bilateral basal plates as well

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12
Q

Gastrulation overview

A
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13
Q

Germ layer derivatives

A
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14
Q

Neurulation Summary

A
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15
Q

Fate map of the early neural plate

A
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16
Q

Fatemap of the early neural tube overview

A
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17
Q

Fate of the notochord

A
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18
Q

Brain vesicle formation Overview

A
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19
Q

Brain Vesicle formation

A

The neural tube differentiates into brain vesicles

The primary brain vesicles have developed by 4 weeks

secondary brain vesicles have developed by 5 weeks

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20
Q

Identify

A
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21
Q

Primary brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

Neural tube

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22
Q

Secondary brain vesicles

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Metencephalon

Myelecephalon

Neural tube

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23
Q

Identify

A
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24
Q

Flexures

A

Cephalic flexure

Cervical flexure

Pontine flexure

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25
Q

Flexure for 4th ventricle

A

Pontine flexure is 4th ventrical floor

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26
Q

Optic vesicle becomes

A

Optic cup

Optic Stalk

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27
Q

Optic cup becomes

A

Retina

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28
Q

Optic Stalk becomes

A

Optic nerve

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29
Q

brain vesicle formation at 6 months

A

Insula remains exposed

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30
Q

Cerebral cortex derived from

A

Telencephalon

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31
Q

Thalamic Areas Derived from

A

Diencephalon

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32
Q

Midbrain derived from

A

Mesencephalon

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33
Q

Pons + Cerebellum derived from

A

Metencephalon

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34
Q

Medulla Oblongata derived from

A

Myelencephalon

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35
Q

Spinal cord derived from

A

Neural tube

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36
Q

Regional specification

A
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37
Q

Continued regional specification

A
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38
Q

Neural tube defects

A

anomalies of neural tube folding

2nd is most common cause of congenital anomaly (2nd to cardiac)

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39
Q

Mainstay of neural tube defect prevention

A

Folic acid supplementation up to 4 mg per day

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40
Q

Important diagnostic marker of neural tube defects

A

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is an important diagnostic marker because it escapes into the amniotic cavity

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41
Q

Valproic acid

A

neural tube teratogen (anti-epileptic drug)

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42
Q

Neural Tube Defects: Anencephaly

A
  • acrania (absence of skull)
  • failure of cerebral hemispheres to develop (forebrain)
  • angiomatous stroma (undifferentiated neural tissue that mimics appearance of brain is present above the orbits and skull base and is exposed to the environment
  • infants survive just a few hours and never achieve consciousness
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43
Q

Neural Tube Defects:: Encephalocele

A

herniation of meninges and brain matter

associated with hydrocephalus and microcephaly

occipital encephalocele a key feature of Meckel-Gruber syndrome

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44
Q

Merkel-Gruber Syndrome

A

autosomal recessive disorder

cystic renal dysplasia

polydactyly

occipital encephalocele

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45
Q

cephalocele

A

herniation of the meninges only without brain matter

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46
Q

Neural Tube Defects: Rachischisis , spinal dysraphism

A

spinal defects

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47
Q

Neural Tube Defects: Rachischisis

A

Spina bifida w/ myeloschisis

a failure of spinal cord development

spinal cord is flattened along the dorsum of the bodies surface (no neural root plate present)

Not a survivable defect

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48
Q

Spina Bifida w/ myeloschisis AKA

A

Myelocele

49
Q

Spina Bifida w/ myeloschisis

A

Form called rachischisis

not survivable

50
Q

Spina Bifida w/ Meningocele AKA

A

Spina Bifida Cystica

51
Q

Spina Bifida Cystica w/ Meningocele

A

cyst like meningeal sac protruding through vertebral arch defect

neural structures intact and in the right location

can experience functional deficits similar to meningomyelocele

52
Q

Spina Bifida w/ Meningomyelocele AKA

A

Spina Bifida Cystica

53
Q

Spina Bifida w/ Meningomyelocele

A

displaced meningeal and neural structures

often results in paralysis below the lesion

allow the spinal cord folds appropriately the displacement results in severe functional deficits

54
Q

Associated syndromes with Spina Bifida Manifesta

A

Chiari type II malformation - Lumbar meningomyelocele

Dandy walker - Spina Bifida

55
Q

Spina Bifida Occulta

A

no meningeal protrusion but a failure of vertebral arch fusion that is covered in skin

can have hairy patch, dimple or birthmark

can be a harbinger of a tethered cord syndrome

56
Q

Tethered Cord syndromes

A

traction damage to the caudal spinal cord e.g. filum terminale thickening or lipoma which commonly cause bladder incontinence

57
Q

Lumbar punctures

A
58
Q

Neural tube internal organization

Basal plates and alar plates fate

A

Alar plates - Dorsal sensory horns nerve roots

Basal plates - ventral motor horns nerve roots

59
Q

Dermatome

A

axial dermis

60
Q

Myotome

A

paraspinal and abdominal musculature

61
Q

Sclerotome

A

spine and posterior basal skull

62
Q

Neural tube zones

A
  • Ventricular
  • Intermediate
  • Marginal zone
63
Q

Ventricular zone produces

A

Ependymal layer

64
Q

Intermediate zone produces

A

Gray Matter (neurons)

65
Q

Intermediate zone AKA

A

Mantle zone

66
Q

Marginal Zone Produces

A

White Matter

Glioblasts (Glia)

67
Q

Alar plate and Basal plate

A

Alar - dorsal horn

Basal - Ventral horn

68
Q

Dorsal nerve root ganglion

A

cluster of pseudounipolar neurons and grows centrally into the alar plate

69
Q

Ventral Nerve Root

A

grows from the basal plate is a motor root

70
Q

Overview of Development of spinal cord and Nerve Roots

A
71
Q

Spinal nerve roots

A
72
Q

Spinal cord inducing centers

A
73
Q

Forebrain Signaling Centers

A
74
Q

Neural Crest Cell Differentiation Overview

10 listed

A
75
Q

Neural Crest Derivatives

A
  • PNS = Glial Cells + Schwann Cells
  • Meninges: Pia and Arachnoid
  • Melanocytes
  • Enteric Nervous System

Cranial

  • Pharyngeal Arch Components
  • Musculoskeletal Structures
  • Cranial nerves

Trunk and Lumbosacral

  • Dorsal Root Ganglia
  • Sympathetic chain ganglia
  • Adrenal Medullary Cells
  • Prevertebral ganglia
76
Q

Neural Crest Cell Migration

A
77
Q

Neural Crest cells as the 4th germ layer

A
78
Q

Neural Crest cells and dorsal root and autonomic ganglia

A
79
Q

Abnormal Development of CNS / PNS

A
80
Q

Prevention of Neural Tube Defects

A
81
Q

Failures of anterior Neuropore Closure

2 listed

A

Anencephaly

Encephalocele

82
Q

Anencephaly

A
83
Q

Encephalocele

A
84
Q

Caudal Neural Tube Defects

A
85
Q

Failure of posterior neuropore closure

A

Spina Bifida Occulta

Spina Bifida Cystica (meningocele and meningomyelocele)

Spina Bifida w/ myeloschisis

86
Q

Spina Bifida Occulta

A
87
Q

Spina Bifida Cystica

A
88
Q

Non-communicating hydrocephalus

A
89
Q

Chiari Malformations

A
90
Q

Hydromelia & Syringomyelia

A
91
Q

Dandy-Walker Syndrome

A
92
Q

Holoprosencephaly HPE Spectrum

A
93
Q

Holoprosencephaly Summary

A
94
Q

Detection and treatment of NTDs

A
95
Q

Maturation of primary brain divisions

A
96
Q

Lissencephaly

A
97
Q

Ulegyria

A
98
Q

Developmental Reflexes

A
99
Q

Pyrimidal Tract and myelination

A
100
Q

APGAR Scoring system for newborns

A
101
Q

Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage

A
102
Q

Summary of CNS Developmental Defects/Injuries

A
103
Q

Neurocutaneous Disorders

A
104
Q

Neurofibromatosis Type I

A
105
Q

Neurofibromatosis Type I findings

A
106
Q

Neurofibromatosis Type II

A
107
Q

Sturge-Weber Disorder

A
108
Q

Sturge-Weber Syndrome Findings

A
109
Q

Tuberous Sclerosis

A
110
Q

Tuberous Sclerosis Findings

A
111
Q

Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome

A
112
Q

Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome Findings

A
113
Q

Summary of Neurocutaneous Disorders

A
114
Q

dura mater derivative of

A

mesoderm derivative

115
Q

holoprosencephaly

A

mainly week 5 failure of midline structures to segregate

116
Q

elevated alfa-feto protein can indicate?

& causes of false positives

A

neural tube defect

  • miscalculation of gestational age
  • twins
  • maternal tumor or liver disease
117
Q

high levels of AchE in Amniotic fluid

A

can indicate NTD

118
Q

When does the rostral neuropore close?

A

day 24/25

119
Q

When does the caudal neuropore close?

A

Day 26/27

Neuroscience (96 decks)

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