Neuroscience Week 1: Craniofacial Embryology

Question 1

The skull develops from?

Answer 1

Paraxial Mesoderm and neural crest cells

Question 2

Ectoderm Derivatives

Answer 2

• CNS & PNS
• Some head skeletal and connective tissue
• Epidermis, hair and nails
• Sensory epithelium of nose, ear and eye

Question 3

Mesoderm Derivatives

Answer 3

• Muscle
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Connective tissue
• Blood
• Components of the kidneys and gonads

Question 4

Endoderm derivatives

Answer 4

• Epithelium of the gut and its derivatives
• Epithelium of the respiratory system

Question 5

Identify

Answer 5

Question 6

Neurocranium AKA

Answer 6

flat bones that surround the brain

AKA

Cranial Vault

Question 7

Viscerocranium description

Answer 7

bones of the face

Question 8

When do sutures typically close?

Answer 8

by 12 years but can continue into the 30s

Question 9

When do fontanelles typically close?

Answer 9

Posterior 3-6 months

Anterior 12-24 months

Question 10

Cranioschisis Description

Answer 10

when the cranial vault doesn’t form when the cranial ends of the neural fold does not fuse (cranial pore doesn’t fuse)

the neural and caudal ends fuse at 24 and 26 days respectively when the neural end doesn’t fuse the cranial vault doesn’t form and the forebrain or cerebrum is degraded by the amniotic fluid resulting in anencephaly

Question 11

Craniosynostosis Description

Answer 11

premature closure of one or more sutures

Question 12

Scaphocephaly

Answer 12

sagittal suture closes prematurely

Most common form of Craniosynostosis

Question 13

Acrocephaly Description

Answer 13

Coronal sutures plus other sutures usually the lambdoid suture

“tower skull”

Question 14

Brachycephaly Description

Answer 14

short cranium and results from closure of both coronal sutures

Question 15

Plagiocephaly Description

Answer 15

Asymmetrical deformity

Question 16

Low FGF signaling causes

Answer 16

osteoblast proliferation

Question 17

High FGF Signalling

Answer 17

causes differentiation

Question 18

FGF gain of function mutations result in?

Answer 18

Suture closure

Question 19

Craniosynostosis is usually part of a syndrome such as…

Answer 19

Crouzons syndrome

Apert syndrome

Fifer syndrome

Question 20

When does the face and neck develop and from what?

Answer 20

4-8 weeks from the pharyngeal apparatus

Question 21

Components of the pharyngeal apparatus

Answer 21

clefts

arches (1-4 numbered pairs)

and

pouches

Question 22

Each pharyngeal arch contains

Answer 22

• Arch Cartilage
• Arch artery
• Arch cranial nerve

Question 23

Pharyngeal arch cartilages derive from?

Answer 23

Neural crest cells

Question 24

Pharyngeal arch cartilages give rise to

Answer 24

cartilage and bones in the face and neck

Question 25

Structures derived from pharyngeal arch components

Answer 25

Question 26

Pharyngeal arch myoblast derived from?

Answer 26

Question 27

Pharyngeal Arches and innervation

Answer 27

Question 28

Question 1

Question 29

The eye is derived from?

Answer 29

neuroectoderm (optic cup)

and

ectoderm (lens)

Question 30

Hyaloid vessels and fate and optic nerve formation

Answer 30

Question 31

Question 2

Question 32

Question 3

Question 33

Common Congenital Eye defects

Answer 33

Question 34

Colomba iridis

Answer 34

optic choroidal fissure fails to fuse

Question 35

Congenital Cataracts

Answer 35

Lens opacities may vary from in utero rubella virus infection, toxoplasmosis, congenital syphilis, down syndrome, galactosemia

Question 36

Detached retina

Answer 36

• can be congenital or from head trauma
• retina detaches between the pigmented and neural retina

Question 37

Ear parts

Answer 37

Question 38

Auricle development

Answer 38

Question 39

External Auditory Meatus Development

Answer 39

Question 40

Anomalies of the ear

Answer 40

Question 41

inner ear development

Answer 41

Question 42

Otic Vesicle Development

Answer 42

Question 43

Question 4

Answer 43

Question 44

Question 5

Question 45

Question 6