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Neuroscience > Neuroscience Week 6: Limbic System > Flashcards

Neuroscience Week 6: Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Limbic System Functions

A

has a role in basic emotions such as anger and fear and is the part of the brain that regulates basic “fight or flight” behaviors

  • Homeostasis
  • Olfaction
  • Memories
  • Emotions
  • Reward pathway
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2
Q

Limbic system Mnemonics

A

HOMER

  • Homeostasis
  • Olfaction
  • Memories
  • Emotions
  • Reward Pathway

5Fs

  • Feeling
  • Feeding
  • Fleeing
  • Fighting
  • Fucking
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3
Q

Limbic system was first described by?

A

Paul Broca in 1870’s

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4
Q

Identify Limbic System

A
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5
Q

limbus definition

A

medial border of the brain between the upper border of the cortex and the brainstem

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6
Q

Describe Limbic circuitry

A
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7
Q

Emotions have what components?

A

Emotions have significant visceral and autonomic components

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8
Q

Which cortical areas have direct connection with the hypothalamus?

A
  • Most cortical areas have no direct connections with the hypothalamus.
  • Limbic-cortical areas and limbic areas connect directly to the hypothalamus
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9
Q

Hypothalamus Nuclei

7 listed

A
  • Lateral Nucleus
  • Ventromedial Nucleus
  • Anterior Nucleus
  • Posterior Nucleus
  • Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
  • Supraoptic/Paraventricular Nucleus
  • Preoptic Nucleus
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10
Q

Hypothalamus: Lateral nucleus function

A

Feeding behavior

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11
Q

Hypothalamus: Lateral nucleus stimulated by?

A

Stimulated by Ghrelin

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12
Q

Hypothalamus: Lateral nucleus inhibited by?

A

Inhibited by Leptin

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13
Q

Hypothalamus: Lateral nucleus Damage leads to?

A

failure to thrive/anorexia

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14
Q

Hypothalamus: Ventromedial nucleus function

A

Satiety

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15
Q

Hypothalamus: Ventromedial nucleus Stimulated by?

A

Leptin

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16
Q

Hypothalamus: Ventromedial nucleus Damage leads to?

A

Hyperphagia

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17
Q

Hypothalamus: Anterior nucleus function

A

Cooling

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18
Q

Hypothalamus: Anterior nucleus Controlled by?

A

Parasympathetic/Sympathetic Control

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19
Q

Hypothalamus: Posterior nucleus function

A

heating

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20
Q

Hypothalamus: Posterior nucleus controlled by?

A

Sympathetic control

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21
Q

Hypothalamus: Suprachiasmatic nucleus function

A

Circadian rhythm

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22
Q

Hypothalamus: Suprachiasmatic nucleus regulation

A

control of sleep and wake cycles

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23
Q

Hypothalamus: Supraoptic/Paraventricular nucleus function

A

Synthesize ADH and oxytocin

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24
Q

Hypothalamus: Supraoptic/Paraventricular nucleus Regulation

A

ADH and Oxytocin are carried to posterior pituitary for storage and release

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25
Q

Hypothalamus: Preoptic nucleus Function

A

Thermoregulation & sexual behavior (Release GnRH)

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26
Q

Hypothalamus: Preoptic nucleus malfunction

A

Failure of GnRH neurons to migrate leads to Kallmann Syndrome

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27
Q

Hypothalamus homeostatic regulatory functions

7 listed

A

TAN HATS

  • Thirst and water balance
  • Adenohypophosis (anterior pituitary)
  • Neurohypophosis (posterior pituitary)
  • Hunger
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Temperature
  • Sexual urges
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28
Q

Identify Limbic system and which are components of each pathway

A
  • Medial Limbic Circuit (Papez) yellow
  • Limbic Loop (Reward Pathway) Red
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29
Q

Papez circuit AKA

A

Medial Limbic Circuit

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30
Q

Medial Limbic Circuit AKA

A

Papez Circuit

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31
Q

Medial Limbic Circuit primarily involved in?

A

Memory formation and propagation of epileptic seizures

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32
Q

Medial Limbic Circuit path from the hippocampus

A

hippocampus→(up through fornix)→Mamillary bodies→(project up)→anterior nucleus of the thalamus→(thalamic projections up)→cingulate gyrus←input from mid-orbitofrontal cortex and lateral prefrontal cortex

Cingulate gyrus→(project down through entorhinal cortex to the temporal lobe back to the)→hippocampus

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33
Q

Components of the Medial Limbic Circuit

4 listed

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Mammillary bodies
  • anterior thalamic nuclei
  • Cingulate gyrus
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34
Q

Medial Limbic Circuit Pathway from the Hippocampus

A
  • hippocampus→(up through fornix)→
  • Mamillary bodies→(project up)→
  • anterior nucleus of the thalamus→(thalamic projections up)→
  • cingulate gyrus
  • ←input from mid-orbitofrontal cortex and lateral prefrontal cortex
  • Cingulate gyrus→(project down through entorhinal cortex to the temporal lobe back to the)→
  • hippocampus
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35
Q

The Medial Limbic Circuit is important in?

A

The MLC is important in learning, memory and mesial temporal epilepsy

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36
Q

Limbic circuit related to mesial temporal epilepsy?

A

Medial Limbic Circuit

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37
Q

Medial Limbic Circuit Mnemonic

A

He-Man Ate a Cat

He = Hippocampus (limbic system)

Man = Mammillary body (hypothalamus)

Ate -= Anterior thalamic Nuclei (thalamus)

Cat = Cingulate gyrus (limbic system)

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38
Q

Hippocampus location

A

the hippocampal formation is easily seen on the ventro-medial aspect of the temporal lobe and comprises the floor and medial wall of the inferior horn of the lateral ventrical

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39
Q

Entorhinal cortex is the _______ pathway

A

Input pathway

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40
Q

Identify components

A
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41
Q

Dentate gyrus receives input from

A

Entorhinal cortex

42
Q

Dentate gyrus projects to?

A

mossy fibers (axons of neurons from the dentate gyrus) project to CA3

43
Q

CA3 Projects to?

A

CA2

44
Q

CA2 projects to

A

CA1

45
Q

CA1 projects to

A

back to the subiculum

46
Q

synapses on CA2, CA1 AKA

A

Schaeffer Collaterals

47
Q

Where are new neurons made?

A

Neurogenesis occurs in the Dentate gyrus and nowhere else

48
Q

Specific neurons from the subiculum form the

A

Fornix

49
Q

Some subiculum neurons also project directly back to the?

A

Entorhinal cortex not just to the fornix

50
Q

Fornix is comprised of?

A

axons from pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus and subiculum

51
Q

The majority of axons in the fornix project to

A

the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

52
Q

Damage to the mamillary bodies will lead to

A

memory impairments

53
Q

Identify

A

fornix

54
Q

hippocampal commissure and importance

A
  • connects both hemispheres of the hippocampus
  • need bilateral damage to have anterograde amnesia (inability to form new memories)
55
Q

Anterograde amnesia Definition

A

inability to form new memories

56
Q

Anterograde amnesia causes

A

bilateral damage to the hippocampus because of the hippocampal commissure

57
Q

Hippocampus connection to cortical areas

A
  • memories are not formed in isolation, they have sights, smells, sounds and what’s going on
  • constant frontal monitoring attention appropriately
58
Q

The limbic loop AKA ________ pathway

A

Motivation pathway

or

reward pathway

59
Q

The limbic loop uses this(ese) neurotransmitters? from?

A

dopamine from the ventral tegmental area

60
Q

The limbic loop: nucleus accumbens gets input from

2 listed

A
  • Medial PFC
  • Limbic prefrontal cortex
61
Q

Nucleus accumbens projects to?

A

ventral pallidum

62
Q

Nucleus accumbens is located in the?

A

Ventral Striatum

63
Q

All drugs of abuse and stress affect the activity of this nucleus

A

Nucleus Accumbens

64
Q

Cortico-striatal loops and behavior

A
65
Q

Limbic loop distinguished from the motor loop by?

4 listed

A
  • the source and nature of the cortical input (orbital and medial prefrontal)
  • The division of the striatum and pallidum that process the input (both are in the ventral areas)
  • The source of dopaminergic neurons from the midbrain (VTA)
  • the thalamic target of the pallidal output (MDT)
66
Q

Amygdala location

A

the amygdala is the other major limbic structure of the temporal lobes, lying directly in front of the hippocampus

67
Q

The amygdala and the prefrontal cortex are involved in?

A

The formation of fears and phobias

68
Q

CNS components involved in the formation of fears and phobias

A

amygdala and prefrontal cortex

69
Q

Lesions of the amygdala result in?

5 listed

A
  • decreased aggression “tameness”
  • hypersexuality
  • hyperorality
  • visual agnosia
  • lack of fear
70
Q

Limbic components: Amygdala

A
71
Q

most important Nuclei of the amygdala

A
  • basal nucleus
  • lateral nucleus
  • or basolateral nucleus of the amygdala
72
Q

Amygdala pathway

A
73
Q

Damage to the bilateral amygdala leads to?

A

Inability to experience fear

However, greater than average fear and panic attacks in response to novel physiological fearful experiences such as feelings of suffocation

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

74
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A
  • The absence of emotional responses (fear, rage, aggression) (amygdala)
  • Over-attention to sensory stimuli (amygdala)
  • Hypersexuality (amygdala)
  • Visual Agnosia (inability to recognize objects visually) (temporal cortex)
75
Q

Visual Agnosia definition

A

Inability to recognize objects visually

(temporal cortex)

76
Q

Nucleus Accumbens Location

A

one of the septal nuclei in the ventral striatum

77
Q

besides from the VTA the ________________ is a convergent site for input from the amygdala, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus

A

Nucleus Accumbens

78
Q

The ________ has reciprocal connections to many of these areas but also projects to ____________.

A
  • Nucleus Accumbens
  • The frontal cortex
79
Q

_________, _________, ________, _______, and __________receive a significant dopaminergic innervation from the Ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain

5 listed

A
  • Limbic cortical areas
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
  • septal nuclei
  • Nucleus accumbens
80
Q

_________ neurons in the septal and basal nuclei are important components of the _________

A
  • Cholinergic neurons
  • limbic system
81
Q

Diagonal band of Broca

+

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

location

A
82
Q

Nucelus basalis of Meynert

A
83
Q

Identify

A
84
Q

Identify

A
85
Q

Diagonal band of Broca

+

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

and the limbic system

A
  • cholinergic neurons in the septum and the basal forebrain project to the cortex and hippocampus and play an important role in modulating learning and memory systems
  • these neurons degenerate at early stages of Alzheimer’s Disease
86
Q

Identify

A
87
Q

The limbic loop and motivation

Association with depression

A
88
Q

The limbic and olfactory systems

A
89
Q

Prirform and pre-piriform cortex location

A

located in the uncus

90
Q

The primary olfactory cortex is located in?

A

the uncus in the piriform and pre-piriform cortex

91
Q

Identify

A
92
Q

Identify

A
93
Q

Seizure activity is common in the _______________.

A

Ventromedial temporal lobe (parahippocampal gyrus and uncus)

94
Q

It is frequently associated with olfactory hallucinations (rotten-egg smell)

A
  • seizure activity anventromedial temporal lobe (parahippocampal gyrus and uncus) (mesio temporal lobe epilepsy)
  • it is thought that sense they are adjacent to the primary olfactory cortex it is stimulated
95
Q

mesio temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with?

A

It is frequently associated with olfactory hallucinations (rotten-egg smell)

&

the medial Limbic circuit

96
Q

Lying just deep to the uncus is the?

A

Amygdala

97
Q

the primary olfactory cortex projects to the?

A

Entorhinal cortex and then to the orbitofrontal cortex for discriminating olfactory input

98
Q

The ____________ projects to the Entorhinal cortex and then to the orbitofrontal cortex for discriminating olfactory input

A

Primary olfactory cortex

99
Q

Summary

A
100
Q

Nucleus Accumbens receives input from

4 listed

A
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • VTA (DA)
  • Dorsal Raphe (5-HT)
101
Q

Kallman Syndrome

A

Kallmann syndrome is a condition characterized by delayed or absent puberty and an impaired sense of smell. This disorder is a form of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, which is a condition resulting from a lack of production of certain hormones that direct sexual development.

102
Q

Damage to which area produces Kallman Syndrome

A

Preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

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