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STEP > Neurology I > Flashcards

Neurology I Flashcards

1
Q

Neural plate development mechanism

A

Notochord induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form neural plate –> neural plate gives rise to neural tube and neural crest cells.

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2
Q

What are neural crest cells derived from?

A

Neural plate

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3
Q

Hindbrain gives rise to..

A

mesencephalon + myelencephalon

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4
Q

CNS embryology

A

Code: /forebrain telencephalon + diencephalon. Eagle with talons into cerebral hemispheres on wall on left + between two ventricles/telencephalon cerebral hemispheres + lateral ventricles. Pile of dice on wall on left + Kai thaler on sitting on top + aqueduct lined with ham/diencephalon thalamus + third ventricle. Meso soup on wall across + brain in the middle + aqueduct behind it lined with brains/mesencephalon midbrain + cerebral aqueduct. /hindbrain metencephalon + myelencephalon. Metropolitan museum of art in right corner + pond in front of it + bell hanging above pond + covered in hair/metencephalon pons and cerebellum + 4th ventricle. Mylo in front of hair covered aqueduct on wall on right + medusa head/myelencephalon medulla + 4th ventricle.
Location: Computer lab in library

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5
Q

What are microglia derived from?

A

mesoderm

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6
Q

Origin of CNS and PNS neurons

A

CNS neurons from neuroectoderm.

PNS neurons from neural crest

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7
Q

Neural tube area of codebook is basically…

A

neuroectoderm

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8
Q

What are ependymal cells derived from?

A

neuroectoderm

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9
Q

When do NTD’s usually happen?

A

4th week

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10
Q

Caveat about spina bifida occulta

A

AFP won’t be increased.

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11
Q

spina bifida occulta characteristics

A

1) dura intact

2) no herniation

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12
Q

What commonly herniates in meningomyelocele?

A

Cauda equina

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13
Q

Anencephaly findings

A

1) increased AFP

2) polyhydramnios (due to lack of swallowing center in brain).

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14
Q

Anencephaly association

A

maternal type I diabetes

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15
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

♣ Coded character: /failure of left and right hemispheres to separate. 2 sharks at a table by window, hailing on one, other one sitting on a mound of hash/usually occurs during weeks 5-6. Erica emms is the waitress + has a clef lip + a Cyclops head/moderate form has cleft lip/palate, most severe form results in cyclopia.
♣ Location: right side of park burger

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16
Q

Chiari I malformation

A

o Code: kiara with a top hat on driving/Chiari I. /often diagnosed in adults and adolescents (less severe so less likely to present earlier). big mouth with inflamed tonsils on fairway + worm crawling out/Type I = significant herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis through foramen magnum. /more common but less severe than Chiari II. Nail through head + tape over mouth + antlers/presentation = headache and neck pain + lower brainstem symptoms (dysarthria + dysphagia + nystagmus). /can by asymptomatic.
o Location: Driving range at woodlands

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17
Q

arnold chiari malformation

A

♣ Coded character: huge mouth with tonsils hanging out + worm crawling out + medusa head on top/type II = tonsils + vermis + medulla herniate into the foramen magnum. Arnold Palmer: Roman aqueduct surrounding putting green/aqueductal stenosis. Arnold dancing around/mostly asymptomatic. Geiser of water coming out of his head + he’s on a stretcher (paralysis code) + huge sack hanging out of his lumbosacral region/presentation = hydrocephalus + lumbosacral meningomyelocele (this is what generates the pressure gradient and causes the herniation) + paralysis below level of defect. Siamese twin kiaras putting/Chiari II. He’s naked but wearing a cloak/syringomyelia is common.
♣ Location: Putting green at the woodlands

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18
Q

Enlargement of 4th ventricle…

A

Dandy-Walker syndrome

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19
Q

Dandy walker associations…

A

1) noncommunicating hydrocephalus

2) spina bifida

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20
Q

anterior white commissure part of…

A

Spinothalamic tract

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21
Q

syringomyelia causes

A

1) chiari malformations
2) trauma
3) tumors

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22
Q

Chiari 1 presentation

A

headaches + cerebellar symptoms

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23
Q

Most common location of syrinx

A

C8-T1

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24
Q

neuro loss with syringomyelia?

A

Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation with fine touch sensation preserved.

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25
Q

Tongue brachial arch origins

A

o Code: big tongue stuck ito ground with arch overhead. Hat on top + chicken nesting on top/anterior 2/3s of tongue is associated with pharyngeal arches 1 and 2. Hambone stuck into bottom/posterior 1/3 of tongue associated with pharyngeal arch 3.
o Location: patio outside St. Marks

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26
Q

Taste innervation of tongue

A

anterior - CN VII

posterior - IX, X (extreme posterior)

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27
Q

Pain innervation of tungue

A

anterior - V3

posterior - IX,X

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28
Q

hyoglossus action

A

retracts and depresses tognue

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29
Q

genioglossus action

A

protrudes tongue

30
Q

syloglossus action

A

draws sides of tongue upward to create a trough for swallowing.

31
Q

Motor innervation of tongue

A

1) CN XII to hyoglossus + genioglosus + sytloglossus

2) CN X to palatoglossus.

32
Q

What does Nissl staining stain?

A

RER

33
Q

What does Nissl staining pick up and not pick up?

A

1) cell bodies + dendrites

2) can’t stain axon (No RER) or microglia

34
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A

Any injury to axon.

1) degenerates distal to injury
2) axon retracts proximally

35
Q

Astrocyte functions

A

1) physical support
2) repair
3) K+ metabolism
4) removal of excess neurotransmitter
5) BBB
6) glycogen fuel reserve buffer
7) reactive gliosis in response to neural injury

36
Q

Why does GFAP a marker of?

A

astrocytes

37
Q

Microglia relevance to HIV

A

When infected by HIV, they fuse to form multinucleate giant cells.

38
Q

Microglia function

A

Phagocytic, scavenger cells. Activated in response to tissue damage.

39
Q

Myelin affects on nerves

A

1) increase space constant

2) increase conduction velocity

40
Q

space constant

A

AKA length constant. Distance electric potential will travel along a neurite via passive electrical conduction.

41
Q

Schwann cells and myelination

A

Each schwann cell myelinated only 1 PNS axon

42
Q

Significance of nodes of Ranvier?

A

High concentration of Na channels

43
Q

Guillain-Barre injury

A

damaged Schwann cells

44
Q

typical location of vestibular schwannoma

A

internal acoustic meatus

45
Q

Oligodendroglia and number of axons myelinate

A

many (around 30)

46
Q

White vs. grey matter

A

1) Grey matter contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons.
2) White matter contains mostly myelinated axons. Myelin is white.

47
Q

Predominant glial cell type in white matter?

A

Oligodendroglia

48
Q

Histologic appearance of oligodendroglia?

A

Fried eggs

49
Q

What is damaged in leukodystrophies?

A

oligodendroglia

50
Q

Sensory neuron fiber type in free nerve endings?

A

C fibers and AlphaDelta fibers

51
Q

Where are free nerve endings?

A

All skin + epidermis + some viscera

52
Q

C fiber characteristics?

A

Slow, unmyelinated

53
Q

Alphadelta fiber characters?

A

Fast, myelinated

54
Q

C and Alphadelta fibers sense?

A

Pain temperature

55
Q

Difference in sensitivity between C and Alphadelta fibers?

A

1) Alphadelta are faster so sense quick shallow pain specific to one area.
2) C fibers are slow and respond to stronger intensities, so deeper and more spread out stimuli.

56
Q

Meissner corpuscles characteristics

A

Large, myelinated fibers; adapt quickly

57
Q

Meissner corpuscles expressed in…

A

Glabrous (hairless) skin

58
Q

Meissner corpuscles functions

A

1) dynamic touch
2) fine/light touch
3) position sense

59
Q

Pacinian corpuscles characteristics

A

1) large, myelinated

2) adapt quickly

60
Q

Pacinian corpuscles expressed in

A

Deep skin layers, ligaments, joints

61
Q

Pacinian corpuscles sense

A

Vibration + pressure

62
Q

Merkel discs characteristics

A

1) large, myelinated

2) adapt quickly

63
Q

Merkel discs expressed in…

A

Finger tips + superficial skin

64
Q

Merkel discs sense

A

1) pressure
2) deep static touch (eg shapes, edges)
3) position sense

65
Q

Ruffini corpuscles characteristics

A

1) Dendritic endings with capsule

2) adapt slowly

66
Q

Ruffini corpuscles expressed in

A

Finger tips + joints

67
Q

Ruffini corpuscles functons

A

1) pressure
2) slippage of objects along surface of skin
3) joint angle change

68
Q

endo vs peri vs epineurium

A

1) Endoneurium surrounds single nerve fiber
2) Perineurium surrounds fascicle of nerve fibers
3) Epineurium is dense connective tissue surrounding entire nerve and contains fascicles and blood vessels.

69
Q

perineurium function

A

permeability barrier

70
Q

Where is the inflammatory infiltrate found in Guillain-Barre?

A

Endoneurium

71
Q

What needs to be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment?

A

Perineurium

STEP (85 decks)

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