Cardiology Flashcards
Romano-Ward syndrome
Q from the bond is a giant standing in the back/form of congenital long QT syndrome. Femdom chick whipping him/autosomal dominant. /pure cardiac phenotype (no deafness). Arthur spinning/can predispose to torsades de pointes, causing syncopal episodes + sudden cardiac death. /thought to result from mutations in a K= channel protein that contributes to the delayed rectifier current (Ik) of the cardiac action potential.
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
Q from the bond is a giant /form of congenital long QT syndrome. Tyrion running down the hall/autosomal recessive. Nelson has big headphones on/sensorineural deafness. /common presentation = syncope in an otherwise healthy person. Arthur spinning/can predispose to torsades de pointes + sudden cardiac death. /thought to result from mutations in a K+ channel protein that contributes to the delayed rectifier current (Ik) of the cardiac action potential.
Brugada syndrome
Tuong: he’s being whipped by a FEMDOM/autosomal dominant disorder most common in Asian males. Huge bundle of sticks in the right corner + mountains on backwall with hat bone on left and hambone on right/ECG pattern of pseudo-right bundle branch block + ST elevations in V1-V3. Jonny kenser dead on the floor + /increased risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias + SCD (sudden cardiac death). He has an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator/prevent SCD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
o Parker from woodlands. Electric shock to the chest and lightning bolt that has down wall and across floor and up to Parker/very common ventricular pre-excitation syndrome. Abnormally fast accessory conduction pathway from atria to ventricle bypasses the rate-slowing AV node ventricles begin to partially depolarize earlier. May result in reentry circuit SVT. Camouflaged delta commanders coming out of the ground that have suffered strokes and are slurring their words + a morbidly obese Q from James bond (QRS complex code) + a midget media crew shooting photos on left/ECG = characteristic delta wave, described as “slurred upstroke of the QRS complex” + widened QRS complex + shortened PR interval on ECF. Amy young riding her hippo is there + vera wing in the back + Aidan Melville juggling in front of door/treatment = amiodarone + adenosine + verapamil. Tigger firing rocket launcher at parker/digoxin is contraindicated (can enhance transmission of impulses through accessory pathways by reentry or possible triggered membrane activity) extremely fast ventricular rate OR Vfib.
Potassium channel problem in romano-ward
DELAYED rectifier potassium channel.
truncus arteriosus gives rise to…
ascending aorta + pulmonary trunk
bulbus cordis gives rise to
smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
endocardial cushions give rise to
1) atrial septum
2) membranous inter ventricular septum
3) AV and semilunar valves
AV valves
mitral and tricuspid
semilunar valves
aortic + pulmonary valves
Primitive atrium gives rise to…
Trabeculated part of left and right atria
Primitive ventricle gives rise to
trabeculated part of left and right ventricles
Primitive pulmonary vein gives rise to…
smooth part of left atrium
Left horn of sinus venosus gives rise to…
coronary sinus
Right horn of sinus venosus gives rise to…
Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum)
What is SVC derived from
right common cardinal vein + right anterior cardinal vein
When does cardiac looping begin?
Week 4
Dextrocardia etiology
Defect in left-right dynein (dynes are involved in L/R asymmetry)
PFO etiology
Failure of septum premum and septum secundum to fuse.
underlying etiology of paradoxical emboli
1) ASD
2) VSD
3) PFO
Separation of cardiac chambers
1) septum primum grows toward endocardial cushions, narrowing foramen primum.
2) Foramen secundum forms in septum premum (foramen premium disappears)
3) Septum secundum develops as foramen secundum maintains right-to-left shunt.
4) septum secundum expands and covers most of the foramen secundum. Residual foramen is foramen ovale.
5) Remaining portion of septum premum forms valve of foramen ovale.
Most common location of VSD
membranous septum
Ventricle formation/morphogenesis
1) Muscular inter ventricular septum forms. Opening is inter ventricular foramen
2) Aorticopulmonary septum rotates and fuses with muscular ventricular septum to form membranous inter ventricular septum, closing inter ventricular foramen.
3) Growth of endocardial cushions separates atria from ventricles and contributes to both atrial septation and membranous portion of interventricular septum.
Outflow tract formation
Neural crest and endocardial cell migrations lead to truncal and bulbar ridges that spiral and fuse to form aorticopulmonary septum. Lead to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk.