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STEP > Neuro III > Flashcards

Neuro III Flashcards

1
Q

limbic system functions

A 
Famous 5 F's
Feeding 
Fleeing
Fighting
Feeling (emotion)
Fucking
*long-term memory + olfaction + behavior modulation + ANS function.
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2
Q

Structures of limbic system…

A

hippocampus + amygdala + fornix + mammillary bodies + cingulate gyrus

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3
Q

mesocortical symptoms

A

1) decreased activity leads to negative symptoms (flat affect, limited speech).

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4
Q

antipsychotic drugs and mesocortical pathway

A

Limited affect

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5
Q

Mesolimbic pathway symptoms…

A

Increased activity leads to positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations)

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6
Q

Primary target of antipsychotic drugs?

A

Mesolimbic pathway

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7
Q

nigrostriatal pathway symptoms

A

Decreased activity leads to extrapyramidal symptoms (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia)

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8
Q

Major dopaminergic pathway in brain?

A

Nigrostriatal.

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9
Q

tuberoinfundibular pathway

A

Decreased activity leads to increased prolactin leading to decreased libido/sex dysfunction/galactorrhea/gynecomastia.

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10
Q

Input to cerebellum

A

1) contralateral cortex via middle cerebellar peduncle.

2) Ipsilateral proprioceptive information via inferior cerebellar peduncle from spinal cord.

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11
Q

Cerebellar output

A

1) Contralateral cortex to modulate movement.

2) Deep nuclei

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12
Q

Lateral –> medial cerebellar nuclei

A

Don’t Eat Greasy Foods

Dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial

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13
Q

Output nerves of cerebellum involved in modulation of movement…

A

Purkinje cells –> deep nuclei of cerebellum –> contralateral cortex via superior cerebellar peduncle.

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14
Q

Affect of lateral lesion to cerebellum?

A

Impaired voluntary movement of extremities.

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15
Q

How do you tell side of cerebellar lesion?

A

Propensity to fall toward injured (ipsilateral) side.

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16
Q

Medial structures of cerebellum

A

Vermal cortex, fastigial nuclei.

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17
Q

What does damage to medial cerebellar structures cause?

A

1) truncal ataxia + nystagmus + head tilting.

2) generally result in bilateral motor deficits affecting axial and proximal limb musculature.

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18
Q

What does damage to flocculonodular lobe cause?

A

1) truncal ataxia + nystagmus + head tilting.

2) generally result in bilateral motor deficits affecting axial and proximal limb musculature.

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19
Q

bruxism

A

excessive teeth grinding and jaw clenching

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20
Q

Basal ganglia functions

A

1) voluntary movement

2) postural adjustments

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21
Q

How does basal ganglia modulate movement?

A

negative feedback to cortex

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22
Q

striatum components

A

putamen + caudate

23
Q

putamen functions

A

motor

24
Q

caudate functiosns

A

cognitive

25
Q

Lentiform components

A

putamen + globus pallidus

26
Q

Direct pathway receptor

A

D1 (d1rect pathway)

27
Q

Indirect pathway receptor

A

D2

28
Q

direct vs. indirect pathway function in basal ganglia

A

Direct is stimulatory.

Indirect inhibitory.

29
Q

Excitatory/direct pathway

A

Cortical inputs stimulate the striatum, stimulating the release of GABA, which inhibits GABA release from the GPi, disinhibiting the thalamus via the GPi (increasing motion).

30
Q

Inhibitory pathway

A

Cortical inputs stimulate the striatum, releasing GABA that disinhibits STN via GPe inhibition, and STN stimulates GPi to inhibit the thalamus (decreasing motion)

31
Q

Dopamine affects

A

Binds to D1 –> stimulating excitatory pathways.

**Binding to D2 inhibits inhibitory pathway, leading to increased motion.

32
Q

Athetosis due to lesion in…

A

basal ganglia

33
Q

Chorea due to lesion in…

A

basal ganglia

34
Q

Area commonly damaged in HD…

A

basal ganglia

35
Q

What is dystonia?

A

Sustained, involuntary muscle contractions.

36
Q

Examples of dystonia?

A

1) writer’s cramp

2) blepharospasm

37
Q

ET treatment

A

1) nonselective beta-blockers (propranolol)

2) primidone

38
Q

what is hemiballismus?

A

Sudden wild flailing of 1 arm +/- ipsilateral leg

39
Q

hemiballismus due to damage to…

A

CONTRALATERAL sub thalamic nucleus

40
Q

When is hemiballismus commonly seen?

A

lacunar strokes

41
Q

intention tremor due to..

A

cerebellar dysfunction

42
Q

What is myoclonus?

A

Sudden, brief, uncontrolled muscle contraction.

43
Q

Examples of myoclonus?

A

1) jerks

2) hiccups

44
Q

When does myoclonus often occur?

A

Metabolic abnormalities such as renal or liver failure.

45
Q

What is alpha-synuclein?

A

Intracellular eosinophilic inclusions

46
Q

How does neuronal death occur in HD?

A

via NMDA-R binding and glutamate excitotoxicity.

47
Q

HD presentation on imaging

A

Atrophy of caudate and putamen with hydrocephalus ex vacuo.

48
Q

Location of limbic association area…

A

FA 462

49
Q

Location of sylvian fissure…

A

FA 462

50
Q

Location of somatosensory association cortex…

A

FA 462

51
Q

location of primary auditory cortex…

A

FA 462

52
Q

Location of frontal eye field…

A

FA 462

53
Q

Aphasia vs dysarthria

A

Aphasia – higher-order language deficit. Can refer to speaking, understanding, reading, or writing
Dysarthria – motor inability stop speak (movement deficit)

STEP (85 decks)

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