miscellaneous Flashcards
liquefactive necrosis
Enzymatic digestion of cells. Necrosis associated with bacterial and fungal infection and abscesses. Common in CNS.
splenic rupture presentation
scenario: blunt abdominal trauma + abdominal pain radiating to left scapula + marked hypotension + peritoneal hemorrhaging.
structure passing beneath uterine arteries
ureter
Weber Test, analyzing results
Lateralizes to affected ear in cases of conductive deafness and to the normal ear in cases of sensorineural hearing loss.
proteoglycans and clinical significance
1) Heavily glycosylated proteins that form a component of the ECM.
2) Inability to break down proteoglycans is characteristic of mucopolysaccharidoses (lysosomal enzymes usually break them down).
Enzyme kinetics - kcat
Turnover number – the number of substrate molecules each enzyme site converts to product per unit time.
Treatment for bilateral hydronephrosis
Acute treated by insertion of a nephrostomy tube. Chronic treated by insertion of a stent.
Foley catheter use?
Foleys are just a flexible tube inserted through urethra and into the bladder for people who can’t urine (eg BPH, sedated, genital injury)
Locations of fat necrosis
pancreas, breast, salivary glands, neonates after a traumatic delivery.
hyaluronic acid
Glycosaminoglycan that is a chief component of ECM.
exercise electrolytes…
hyponatremia
phospholamban
Protein that regulates the calcium pump in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle cells.
melena indicates…
upper GI bleed
Proteoglycans and relevance
Heavily glycosylated proteins that basically serve to absorb water and maintain lubrication. This is why pleura and peritoneum are rich in proteoglycans.
C-jun
Transcription factor involved in cardiac remodeling. Increased with cardiac disease
endothelin and cardiac relevance
Implicated in cardiac remodeling. Thus, will go up with heart disease.
How do you distinguish between choriocarcinoma and GTN?
No villi in choriocarcinoma
Choriocarcinoma vs. gestational trophobolastic disease
Choriocarcinoma is a malignancy of the trophoblastic tissue on the malignant end of the spectrum in gestational trophoblastic disease.
trophoblast
Cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst.
anti-Jo 1 targets
tRNA
Normal reflexes
2+
osteoclast markers
1) hydroxyproline
2) deoxypyridinoline
fibronectin
Part of ECM that binds integrins, providing structural support.
Aldosterone escape – why does chronic aldosterone not lead to edema in hyperaldosteronism?
Increased Na and water reabsorption causes back flow of Na and water into the tubules.