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STEP > Neuro XI > Flashcards

Neuro XI Flashcards

1
Q

hemangioblastoma path description

A

closely arranged, thin-walled capillaries with minimal intervening parenchyma.

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2
Q

classic location of schwannoma

A

cerebellopontine angle

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3
Q

schwannoma management

A

Resection or stereotactic radiosurgery

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4
Q

Schwanzoma tumor marker

A

S-100

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5
Q

most common site of oligodendroglioma

A

frontal lobes

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6
Q

other findings in oligodendroglioma

A

1) “chicken-wire” capillary pattern

2) often calcified

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7
Q

pilocytic astrocytoma prognosis

A

benign; good prognosis

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8
Q

pilocytic astrocytoma location

A

Posterior fossa (cerebellum). May be supratentorial

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9
Q

characteristic path findings in pilocytic astrocytoma?

A

Rosenthal fibers

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10
Q

Rosenthal fibers description

A

Eosinophilic, corkscrew fibers.

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11
Q

gross finding of pilocytic astrocytoma

A

cystic + solid

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12
Q

medulloblastoma personality

A

1) highly malignant

2) form of primitive neuroectodermal tumor

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13
Q

medulloblastoma pathology

A

1) Homer-Wright rosettes

2) small blue cells

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14
Q

Most common site of ependymal cell tumors?

A

4th ventricle

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15
Q

ependymoma pathology

A

1) Characteristic perivascular rosettes

2) Rod-shaped blepharoplasts

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16
Q

blepharoplasts?

A

(basal ciliary bodies) found near nucleus

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17
Q

craniopharyngioma histology

A

1) calcification common

2) cholesterol crystals found in “motor oil” like fluid within tumor

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18
Q

pinealoma presentation in males

A

precocious puberty due to beta-hCG preoduction

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19
Q

pinealoma histology

A

similar to seminoma (late cells in lobules with watery cytoplasm and “fried egg” appearance)

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20
Q

Downward (transtentorial) central herniation

A

Caudal displacement of brain stem leads to rupture of paramedic basilar artery branches –> duret hemorrhages. Usually fatal.

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21
Q

cingulate herniation complication

A

con compress ACA

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22
Q

cingulate/subfaciline herniation

A

Innermost part of the frontal lobe is scraped under part of the fall cerebra.

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23
Q

duret hemorrhage

A

Small lineal areas of bleeding in the midbrain and upper pons of the brainstem caused by a traumatic downward displacement of the brainstem.

24
Q

central herniation AKA

A

transtentorial herniation

25
Q

central herniation pathophys

A

Caudal displacement of brain stem –> rupture of paramedic basilar artery branches –> Duret hemorrhages. Usually fatal.

26
Q

Uncal herniation pathophys

A

1) Compresses *ipsilateral CN III
2) compresses ipsilateral PCA (leading to contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing)
3) compresses contralateral crus cerebri at the Kernohan notch (leading to ipsilateral paresis; “false localization sign”)

27
Q

what herniates with uncal herniations?

A

medial temporal lobe

28
Q

tonsillar herniation pathophys

A

cerebellar tonsills herniate through foramen magnum leading to coma and death due to brain stem compression.

29
Q

Brimonidine MOA

A

a2 agonist

30
Q

epinephrine MOA for glaucoma?

A

Decreases aqueous humor synthesis via vasoconstriction.

31
Q

brimonidine MOA for glaucoma?

A

Decreases aqueous humor synthesis

32
Q

epinephrine contraindication

A

closed-angle glaucoma (mydriasis)

33
Q

brominidine AE’s

A

1) blurry vision
2) ocular hyperemia
3) foreign body sensation
4) ocular allergic reactions
5) ocular pruritis

34
Q

b-blockers used in glaucoma?

A

1) timolol
2) *betaxolol
3) carteolol

35
Q

b-blockers AE’s in glaucoma

A

no pupillary or vision changes

36
Q

acetazolamide MOA in glaucoma

A

decreases aqueous humor synthesis via inhibition of carbonic anhydrase

37
Q

acetazolamide AE’s in glaucoma

A

no pupillary or vision changes

38
Q

drug for use in glaucoma emergency’s? why?

A

pilocarpine (very effective at opening meshwork into canal of schlemm)

39
Q

cholinomimetic MOA for glaucoma

A

Increase outflow of aqueous humor via contraction of ciliary muscle and opening of trabecular meshwork.

40
Q

cholinomimetic AE’s

A

miosis (contraction of pupillary sphincter muscles) + cyclospasm

41
Q

cyclospasm

A

contraction of ciliary muscle

42
Q

latanprost

A

PGF2alpha

43
Q

prostaglandins for use in glaucoma?

A

1) bimatoprost

2) latanoprost

44
Q

prostaglandin mechanism for glaucoma?

A

Increase outflow of aqueous humor

45
Q

bimatoprost/latanoprost AE’s

A

1) darken color of iris (browning)

2) eyelash growth

46
Q

diphenoxylate

A

opioid analgesic

47
Q

pentazocine

A

opioid analgesic

48
Q

mu receptor is for?

A

beta-endorphins

49
Q

delta receptor is for?

A

enkephalins

50
Q

kappa opioid receptor is for?

A

dynorphin

51
Q

opioid mechanism

A

Open K+ channels, close Ca2_ channels –> decreased synaptic transmission + inhibit release of ACh + NE + 5-HT + glutamate + substance P.

52
Q

opioid GI use

A

anti-diarrheal

53
Q

other use for opioid analgesics?

A

Acute pulmonary edema

54
Q

opioid AE’s

A

1) addiction
2) respiratory depression
3) constipation
4) miosis
5) additive CNS depression with other drugs

55
Q

meperidine is unique in AE’s among opioid analgesics because….

A

Causes mydriasis rather than mitosis.

56
Q

tolerance and opioids

A

does not develop to *miosis and constipation.

STEP (85 decks)

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