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STEP > Neuro II > Flashcards

Neuro II Flashcards

1
Q

acetylcholine location of synthesis

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert

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2
Q

acetylcholine and neuro conditions

A

Decreased in AD and HD, Increased in PD

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3
Q

Dopamine location of synthesis

A

1) ventral tegmentum

2) SNpc (substantia nigra pars compacta)

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4
Q

GABA location of synthesis

A

Nucleus Accumbens

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5
Q

Norepinephrine location of synthesis

A

Locus ceruleus

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6
Q

Serotonin location of synthesis

A

Raphe nucleus

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7
Q

Serotonin altered in…

A

1) Down in anxiety
2) Down in depression
3) Increased in PD

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8
Q

What forms the BBB?

A

1) tight junctions between nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells.
2) basement membrane
3) astrocyte foot processes

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9
Q

glucose transport through BBB

A

Carrier-mediated transport

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10
Q

amino acid transport through BBB

A

carrier-mediated transport

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11
Q

How do you determine passage through BBB?

A

If a substance is non polar/lipid solute it will cross rapidly via diffusion.

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12
Q

Neurohypophysis structure and function

A

Fenestrated capillaries and no BBB, which permits neurosecretory products to enter circulation.

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13
Q

OVLT significance

A

Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminals. Specialized region of brain with no BBB and fenestrated capillaries used for osmotic sensing. Senses change in osmolarity

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14
Q

Area postrema signficance

A

Specialized region of brain with no BBB and fenestrated capillaries that detects noxious stimuli and induces vomiting.

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15
Q

vasogenic edema

A

Destruction of endothelial cell tight junctions due to infarction and/or neoplasm and leading to edema.

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16
Q

Hypothalamus regulates

A

1) thirst and water balance
2) hunger
3) ANS regulation
4) temperature regulation
5) sexual urges

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17
Q

area postrema location

A

medulla

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18
Q

ADH from…

A

supraoptic nucleus

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19
Q

oxytocin from…

A

paraventricular nucleus

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20
Q

Common cause of destruction to ventromedial area…

A

craniopharyngioma

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21
Q

anterior hypothalamus innervation

A

parasympathetic (cooling is a PS function)

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22
Q

posterior hypothalamus innervation

A

sympathetic (heating is a sympathetic function)

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23
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates…

A

circadian rhythm

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24
Q

Function of circadian rhythm?

A

Controls nocturnal release of ACTH, prolactin, melatonin, NE.

25
Q

Melatonin pathway

A

SCN –> NE release –> NE acts on the pineal gland to secrete melatonin

26
Q

When do extra ocular movements occur in sleep? why?

A

1) During REM sleep.

2) Due to activity of PPRF (parmesan pontine reticular formation/conjugate gaze center)

27
Q

REM sleep characteristics

A

1) Occurs every 90 minutes
2) Duration increases through the night.
3) ACh increased in REM.

28
Q

Causes of decreased REM and delta wave sleep…

A

1) alcohol
2) benzos
3) barbiturates
4) NE

29
Q

Treatment for sleepwalking?

A

benzos

30
Q

Sleep stages?

A

FA 457

31
Q

Stage N1 description

A

light sleep

32
Q

Stage N2 description

A

deeper sleep

33
Q

Stage N3 description

A

Deepest non-REM sleep (slow-wave sleep)

34
Q

When does bruxism occur?

A

N2

35
Q

REM sleep description

A

1) Loss of motor tone
2) increased brain O2 use
3) increased variable pulse and BP

36
Q

REM sleep function?

A

thought to be memory processing

37
Q

when do sleepwalking/night terrors/enuresis occur?

A

N3

38
Q

When do dreaming and penile/clitoral tumescence occur?

A

REM

39
Q

beta wave characteristics

A

Highest frequency, lowest amplitude.

40
Q

delta wave characteristics

A

lowest frequency, highest amplitude

41
Q

Thalamus gross function

A

Major relay for all ascending sensory information except olfaction.

42
Q

Ventral postero-lateral thalamic nucleus: input

A

Spinothalamic and dorsal columns/medial lemniscus

43
Q

Ventral postero-lateral thalamic nucleus: senses

A

Pain, temperature, pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception

44
Q

Ventral postero-lateral thalamic nucleus: destination

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

45
Q

Ventral postero-medial nucleus (VPM): Input

A

Trigeminal and gustatory pathway

46
Q

Ventral postero-medial nucleus (VPM): senses

A

Face sensation (Makeup goes on the face) + taste

47
Q

Ventral postero-medial nucleus (VPM): destination

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

48
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus: input

A

CN II

49
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus: senses

A

Vision

50
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus: destination

A

Calcarine sulcus

51
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus: input

A

Superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum

52
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus: senses

A

Hearing

53
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus: destination

A

Auditory cortex of temporal lobe

54
Q

Ventral lateral nucleus: input

A

Basal ganglia, cerebellum

55
Q

Ventral lateral nucleus: senses

A

motor

56
Q

Ventral lateral nucleus: destination

A

motor cortex

57
Q

neurotransmitter functions in sleep

A

o Coded character: Sandman on back wall/SANDman Serotonin, Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine. Hawaiian dancers falling into bottom bunk on left/serotonin helps to initiate sleep. Rembert Brown on bottom bunk with a huge boner banging a huge choline/acetylcholine (Ach) is higher during REM sleep + is associated with erections in men. Remy on top bnak cradling a small narwhal/Norepinephrine is lower during REM sleep; the ratio of ACh and NE is the biochemical trigger for REM sleep. Cheech and chong waking and baking on top bunk on left/Dopamine produces arousal and wakefulness. Dopamine levels rise with waking.

58
Q

sleep waves

A

o Big triangle special K box on right wall/K-complex = high-amplitude single spike followed by a trough. Spindle with extremely fast and compressed cords/sleep spindle = high-frequency burst about 2/3s in. huge amp next to rembert/REM sleep = transient large-amplitude potentials in occipital areas. Kevo sitting on a small amp + super spiky hair/beta is highest frequency, lowest amplitude. Delta ranger on huge amp across from kevo + shaved head/delta is lowest frequency, highest amplitude.

59
Q

breakdown of sleep stages

A

N1- 5%
N2 - 45%
N3 - 25%
REM - 25%

STEP (85 decks)

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