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Neuro II Flashcards

1
Q

acetylcholine location of synthesis

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert

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2
Q

acetylcholine and neuro conditions

A

Decreased in AD and HD, Increased in PD

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3
Q

Dopamine location of synthesis

A

1) ventral tegmentum

2) SNpc (substantia nigra pars compacta)

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4
Q

GABA location of synthesis

A

Nucleus Accumbens

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5
Q

Norepinephrine location of synthesis

A

Locus ceruleus

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6
Q

Serotonin location of synthesis

A

Raphe nucleus

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7
Q

Serotonin altered in…

A

1) Down in anxiety
2) Down in depression
3) Increased in PD

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8
Q

What forms the BBB?

A

1) tight junctions between nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells.
2) basement membrane
3) astrocyte foot processes

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9
Q

glucose transport through BBB

A

Carrier-mediated transport

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10
Q

amino acid transport through BBB

A

carrier-mediated transport

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11
Q

How do you determine passage through BBB?

A

If a substance is non polar/lipid solute it will cross rapidly via diffusion.

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12
Q

Neurohypophysis structure and function

A

Fenestrated capillaries and no BBB, which permits neurosecretory products to enter circulation.

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13
Q

OVLT significance

A

Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminals. Specialized region of brain with no BBB and fenestrated capillaries used for osmotic sensing. Senses change in osmolarity

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14
Q

Area postrema signficance

A

Specialized region of brain with no BBB and fenestrated capillaries that detects noxious stimuli and induces vomiting.

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15
Q

vasogenic edema

A

Destruction of endothelial cell tight junctions due to infarction and/or neoplasm and leading to edema.

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16
Q

Hypothalamus regulates

A

1) thirst and water balance
2) hunger
3) ANS regulation
4) temperature regulation
5) sexual urges

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17
Q

area postrema location

A

medulla

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18
Q

ADH from…

A

supraoptic nucleus

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19
Q

oxytocin from…

A

paraventricular nucleus

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20
Q

Common cause of destruction to ventromedial area…

A

craniopharyngioma

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21
Q

anterior hypothalamus innervation

A

parasympathetic (cooling is a PS function)

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22
Q

posterior hypothalamus innervation

A

sympathetic (heating is a sympathetic function)

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23
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates…

A

circadian rhythm

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24
Q

Function of circadian rhythm?

A

Controls nocturnal release of ACTH, prolactin, melatonin, NE.

25
Melatonin pathway
SCN --> NE release --> NE acts on the pineal gland to secrete melatonin
26
When do extra ocular movements occur in sleep? why?
1) During REM sleep. | 2) Due to activity of PPRF (parmesan pontine reticular formation/conjugate gaze center)
27
REM sleep characteristics
1) Occurs every 90 minutes 2) Duration increases through the night. 3) ACh increased in REM.
28
Causes of decreased REM and delta wave sleep...
1) alcohol 2) benzos 3) barbiturates 4) NE
29
Treatment for sleepwalking?
benzos
30
Sleep stages?
FA 457
31
Stage N1 description
light sleep
32
Stage N2 description
deeper sleep
33
Stage N3 description
Deepest non-REM sleep (slow-wave sleep)
34
When does bruxism occur?
N2
35
REM sleep description
1) Loss of motor tone 2) increased brain O2 use 3) increased variable pulse and BP
36
REM sleep function?
thought to be memory processing
37
when do sleepwalking/night terrors/enuresis occur?
N3
38
When do dreaming and penile/clitoral tumescence occur?
REM
39
beta wave characteristics
Highest frequency, lowest amplitude.
40
delta wave characteristics
lowest frequency, highest amplitude
41
Thalamus gross function
Major relay for all ascending sensory information except olfaction.
42
Ventral postero-lateral thalamic nucleus: input
Spinothalamic and dorsal columns/medial lemniscus
43
Ventral postero-lateral thalamic nucleus: senses
Pain, temperature, pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception
44
Ventral postero-lateral thalamic nucleus: destination
Primary somatosensory cortex
45
Ventral postero-medial nucleus (VPM): Input
Trigeminal and gustatory pathway
46
Ventral postero-medial nucleus (VPM): senses
Face sensation (Makeup goes on the face) + taste
47
Ventral postero-medial nucleus (VPM): destination
Primary somatosensory cortex
48
Lateral geniculate nucleus: input
CN II
49
Lateral geniculate nucleus: senses
Vision
50
Lateral geniculate nucleus: destination
Calcarine sulcus
51
Medial geniculate nucleus: input
Superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum
52
Medial geniculate nucleus: senses
Hearing
53
Medial geniculate nucleus: destination
Auditory cortex of temporal lobe
54
Ventral lateral nucleus: input
Basal ganglia, cerebellum
55
Ventral lateral nucleus: senses
motor
56
Ventral lateral nucleus: destination
motor cortex
57
neurotransmitter functions in sleep
o Coded character: Sandman on back wall/SANDman Serotonin, Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine. Hawaiian dancers falling into bottom bunk on left/serotonin helps to initiate sleep. Rembert Brown on bottom bunk with a huge boner banging a huge choline/acetylcholine (Ach) is higher during REM sleep + is associated with erections in men. Remy on top bnak cradling a small narwhal/Norepinephrine is lower during REM sleep; the ratio of ACh and NE is the biochemical trigger for REM sleep. Cheech and chong waking and baking on top bunk on left/Dopamine produces arousal and wakefulness. Dopamine levels rise with waking.
58
sleep waves
o Big triangle special K box on right wall/K-complex = high-amplitude single spike followed by a trough. Spindle with extremely fast and compressed cords/sleep spindle = high-frequency burst about 2/3s in. huge amp next to rembert/REM sleep = transient large-amplitude potentials in occipital areas. Kevo sitting on a small amp + super spiky hair/beta is highest frequency, lowest amplitude. Delta ranger on huge amp across from kevo + shaved head/delta is lowest frequency, highest amplitude.
59
breakdown of sleep stages
N1- 5% N2 - 45% N3 - 25% REM - 25%

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