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Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 > Lecutre 33: Pharynx and Larynx > Flashcards

Lecutre 33: Pharynx and Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

What structure is located at the cranial end of the respiratory system and is composed of several cartilages

A

Larynx

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1
Q

How does the larynx articulate to temporal bone

A

Via hyoid apparatus (tympanohyoid cartilages connect stylohyoid)

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2
Q

Developmentally the larynx is an off shoot of what

A

Digestive tract as they retain relationship with pharynx

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3
Q

What are some important functions of the larynx

A

Protection/isolation of airway from digestive tract, control of pulmonary air pressure and by extension intra thoracic and intra abdominal pressures, vocalization

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4
Q

What are the 4 cartilages of the larynx

A

Epiglottis, arytenoid, thyroid, cricoid

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5
Q

Which cartilage is paired

A

Arytenoid

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6
Q

Which cartilage has a leaf shape, extends from the larynx to a position caudal to the caudal third of the tongue

A

Epiglottis

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7
Q

What is the stalk of the epiglottis

A

Articulates with they thyroid cartilage on the ventral midline

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8
Q

Which cartilage is composed of two broad laminae fused ventrally but open dorsally and contain a cranial and caudal horn

A

Thyroid cartilage

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9
Q

What does the cranial horn of the thyroid cartilage articulate with

A

Thyrohyoid element of the hyoid apparatus

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10
Q

What does the caudal horn of the thyroid cartilage articulate with

A

Cricoid cartilage

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11
Q

What cartilage of the larynx contains a complete ring of cartilage with a broad dorsal lamina, contains a facet for articulation with thyroid cartilage

A

Cricoid cartilage

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12
Q

What cartilage of the larynx is irregularly shaped, articulates with cricoid cartilage on either side of rostral edge of lamina

A

Arytenoid cartilage

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13
Q

What type of joint is between the cricoid and arytenoid cartilage

A

Synovial

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14
Q

The synovial joint between the cricoid and arytenoid cartilage is very loose and permits what types of movements

A

Rotation, medial-lateral sliding, limited dorsal ventral sliding

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15
Q

What two processes provide important function to the arytenoid

A

Muscular process and vocal process

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16
Q

What process of the arytenoid cartilage is laterally directed

A

Muscular process

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17
Q

What process of the arytenoid is directed ventrally

A

Vocal process

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18
Q

What two ligaments connect the cartilages of the larynx together

A

Vestibular ligament and vocal ligament

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19
Q

Which ligament of the larynx is on the caudal edge of the membrane that connects the lateral sides of the epiglottis to the cranial end of the arytenoid

A

Vestibular ligament

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20
Q

What ligament of the larynx is on the cranial edge of the membrane that connects the cricoid, thyroid, and vocal process of the arytenoid

A

Vocal ligament

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21
Q

What is the vestibular fold

A

Contains the vestibular ligament plus overlying mucosa

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22
Q

What is the vocal fold

A

Contains the vocal ligament and overlying mucosa

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23
Q

What is the laryngeal ventricle

A

Pocket of mucosa formed between the vestibular and vocal folds

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24
Q

What muscle is visible to the external larynx

A

Cricothyroideus

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25
Q

What is the function of the cricothyroideus

A

Causes the thyroid cartilage to rotate at the cricothyroid joint

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26
Q

What are the four basic effects of the laryngeal muscles on vocal folds

A

Addiction, abduction, lengthening, shortening

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27
Q

What does the action of adduction of laryngeal muscles result in

A

Brings vocal folds closer together to restrict airflow to produce phonation

28
Q

What does abduction of the laryngeal muscles result in

A

Separates vocal folds to increase airflow

29
Q

What does lengthening of the laryngeal muscles result in

A

Tightens them to raise the pitch of the sound produced

30
Q

What does shortening of the laryngeal muscles result in

A

Loosens them to lower the pitch of sound produced

31
Q

How does the orientation of the arytenoid cartilages and muscular process change during adduction of the vocal folds

A

Slides the arytenoid cartilages together and pulls the muscular process of the arytenoid ventrally

32
Q

How does the orientation of the arytenoid cartilages and muscular process change during abduction of the vocal folds

A

Pull the muscular process of the arytenoid dorsally and slides arytenoid cartilages away from each other

33
Q

OINA for dorsal cricoarytenoid

A

O: dorsal lamina of cricoid cartilage
I: muscular process of the arytenoid
N: caudal laryngeal nerve
A: ONLY muscles that abducts the vocal folds

34
Q

What are the 5 main nerves of the larynx

A

Cranial laryngeal, external laryngeal, internal laryngeal, recurrent laryngeal, and caudal laryngeal

35
Q

What nerve is a branch off the vagus nerve and gives off the internal and external laryngeal nerves

A

Cranial laryngeal nerve

36
Q

What nerve provides motor to the cricoid

A

External laryngeal nerve

37
Q

What nerve provides sensation from the larynx cranial to the vocal folds including the hypersensitive vestibular folds

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

38
Q

What nerve runs cranially throughout the neck to approach the larynx caudally

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

39
Q

What nerve is a terminal branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve carrying motor to all other muscles of the larynx and sensation from the caudal half of the larynx

A

Caudal laryngeal nerve

40
Q

What is the cough reflex

A

Prevents objects from getting into trachea, when an object hits the vestibular fold the vocal folds are tightly adducted to prevent further passage

41
Q

What nerves are involved in the cough reflex

A

Internal laryngeal and caudal laryngeal nerve

42
Q

What nerve provides motor and what nerve provides sensation in the cough reflex

A

Internal laryngeal provides sensation and caudal laryngeal provides motor to expel object

43
Q

Left recurrent Hemiplegia, a common neuropathy in horses can result in what

A

Compromised function of the cricoarytenoid muscles and loss of function on the left side

Results in impairment to respiration and produces “roaring sound”

Congenital in 3-5% of thoroughbreds

44
Q

What are the three sections of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

45
Q

What pharynx region is dorsal to the pharynx and caudal to nasal cavity

A

Nasopharynx

46
Q

What region of the pharynx is caudal to the palatoglossal fold

A

Oropharynx

47
Q

What pharynx region is dorsal to larynx

A

Laryngopharynx

48
Q

The auditory tube provides important communication between what two structures

A

Nasopharynx and middle ear cavity

49
Q

What are the important gutters on either side of the laryngeal opening

A

Piriform recess

50
Q

What are the two functional groups of pharyngeal muscles

A

Pharyngeal constrictors and pharyngeal movers

51
Q

Where do all pharyngeal constrictors insert

A

Dorsal midline connective tissue line (raphe)

52
Q

What is the function of the pharyngeal constrictors

A

Produce peristaltic movements that push food to the esophagus

53
Q

Where do all pharyngeal movers originate

A

Outside the pharyngeal wall and pass into the pharynx

54
Q

What nerve innervates all pharyngeal muscles (except 1)

A

Vagus

55
Q

What 3 muscles are pharyngeal constrictors

A

Hyopharyngeus, thyropharyngeus, cricopharyngeus

56
Q

OINA for Hyopharyngeus

A

O: thyrohyoid and ceratohyoid elements of hyoid apparatus
I: dorsal midline CT (raphe)
N: vagus
A: produce peristaltic movements that push food to the esophagus

57
Q

OINA for thyropharyngeus

A

O: lateral side of the thyroid lamina
I: dorsal midline CT (raphe)
N: vagus
A: produce peristaltic movement that push food to esophagus

58
Q

OINA for cricopharyngeus

A

O: originate from the pterygoid hammulus
I: midline raphe
N: vagus
A: peristaltic movement that push food to esophagus

59
Q

OINA for stylopharyngeus

A

O: stylohyoid
I: pharynx
N: GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
A: put pharynx into position to begin swallowing

60
Q

What artery provides the major blood supply to the pharynx

A

Ascending pharyngeal artery

61
Q

What does the ascending pharyngeal artery branch off of

A

External carotid artery and runs cranially into foramen lacerum

62
Q

In dogs, what does the ascending pharyngeal artery anastomose with

A

Loop of internal carotid artery that protrudes from foramen lacerum

63
Q

In animals without an internal carotid artery (ex: cows) where does the ascending pharyngeal artery go

A

Passes through the foramen lacerum ands is one possible route of blood supply to cerebral arterial circle

64
Q

What two cranial nerves contribute to the plexus that innervates the pharynx and its muscles

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X)

65
Q

Which cranial nerve contributes mostly sensory axons to pharyngeal plexus

A

Glossopharyngeal

66
Q

Which cranial nerve contributes mostly motor axons to pharyngeal plexus

A

Vagus

67
Q

The gag reflex prevents swallowing of unexpected food or foreign objects, describe the steps and players involved

A

Touching of the pharyngeal mucosa of oropharynx which is innervated by glossopharyngeal , which triggers a wave of pharyngeal contraction that runs from caudal to cranial and expels the object from the pharynx

Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 (39 decks)

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