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Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 > Lecture 36: Mammalian Dental Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 36: Mammalian Dental Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship between mammalian teeth and endothermy

A

Mammalian teeth permit mammals to process a very diverse array of foods and to do so efficiently, this is critical for maintaining large supply to energy to counter high energy requirements of endothermy

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2
Q

Mesial

A

Towards anterior portion of mouth

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3
Q

Distal

A

Towards posterior portion of mouth

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4
Q

lingual

A

Towards tongue

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5
Q

Palatal

A

Towards palate

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6
Q

Buccal

A

Towards check

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7
Q

Labial

A

Towards lips

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8
Q

What are the three specializations of mammalian teeth

A

Thecodonty, heterodonty, diphyodonty

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9
Q

What is thecodonty

A

Teeth are anchored within bony sockets of the jaws (maxillary, pre maxilla, mandible)

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10
Q

What is heterodonty

A

Differentiation of teeth in different parts of the mouth into distinct functional units

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11
Q

What is diphyodonty

A

Two different sets of dentition (milk and permanent)

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12
Q

What is the crown part of mammal tooth

A

Extends from gum line into oral cavity- usually covered by enamel

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13
Q

What is the root part of the mammal tooth

A

Extends from gum line into the alveolus, coated with cementum

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14
Q

What are the crown and root primarily made of

A

Dentine

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15
Q

What is the pulp cavity

A

Hollow cavity filled with pulp

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16
Q

What does pulp of the tooth contain.

A

Soft tissue that contain nerves and blood vessels of tooth

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17
Q

What anchors teeth within alveolus

A

Periodontal ligaments

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18
Q

What kind of receptors do periodontal ligaments contain

A

Stretch receptors important for chewing

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19
Q

What are the steps of diphyodonty- process of tooth replacement

A
  1. Periodic thickening of dental lamina, ectoderm inside labiogingival will produce dental buds which give rise to individual teeth.
  2. If bud is destined for deciduous tooth an additional bud for permanent tooth develops
  3. As deciduous tooth erupts the primordium of the permanent tooth is already located on lingual side of deciduous tooth
  4. Crown of permanent tooth is forming and resorption for the root of deciduous tooth occurs
  5. Permanent tooth ready to breakthrough and deciduous tooth fully reabsorbed
  6. Permanent molar erupts pushing deciduous out of alveolus
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20
Q

When does eruption of temporary incisors 1-3 occur in dogs

A

4-6 weeks

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21
Q

When does the eruption of permanent incisors 1-3 occur in dogs

A

Incisors 1+2: 3-5 months
Incisor3: 4-5 months

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22
Q

When does eruption of temporary canine occur in dogs

A

3-5 weeks

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23
Q

When does eruption of permanent canine occur

A

5-7 months

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24
Q

When does eruption of permanent premolar 1 occur in dogs

A

4-5 months

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25
Q

When does eruption of temporary premolar 2-4 occur in dogs

A

5-6 weeks

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26
Q

When does eruption of permanent premolars 2-4 occur in dogs

A

Premolars 2+3: 5-6 months
Premolar 4: 4-5 months

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27
Q

When does permanent eruption of molars 1-3 occur in dogs

A

Molars 1+2: 5-6 months
Molars 3: 6-7 months

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28
Q

When does the eruption of temporary of feline incisors 1-3 occur

A

3-4 weeks

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29
Q

When does the permanent eruption of feline incisors 1-3 occur

A

3.5-5.5 months

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30
Q

When does the temporary eruption of temporary canines in felines occur

A

3-4 weeks

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31
Q

When does the permanent eruption of canines in felines occur

A

5.5-6.5 months

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32
Q

When does the temporary eruption of premolars 2-4 occur in felines

A

5-6 weeks

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33
Q

When does the permanent eruption of premolars 2-4 occur in felines

A

4-5 months

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34
Q

When does the permanent eruption of molar 1 occur in kittens

A

5-6 months

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35
Q

What are the four basic tooth types of mammals

A

Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

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36
Q

Where are incisors and what are they used for

A

Anterior dentition and usually used for gripping but also initiating cracks

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37
Q

Where are premolars and what are they used for

A

Cheek teeth usually used for fracturing

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38
Q

Where are molars and what are they used for

A

Cheek teeth, usually used for fracturing

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39
Q

What are some advantages of mammalian heterodonty

A

Increased efficiency and specialization

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40
Q

Do mammals have precise of imprecise occlusion

A

Precise

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41
Q

What are the three different crown shapes

A

Bruno don’t, lophodont, Selendont

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42
Q

Bunodont teeth

A

Rounded cusps

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43
Q

Lophodont teeth

A

Cusps connected by ridges, ridges can run either bucco-lingual or mesic-dorsally

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44
Q

Selendont teeth

A

Molar cusps elongate to form ridges
Long mesio-distal crescent shaped molar cusps

45
Q

Brachydonty

A

Low crowned teeth, usually with longer roots

46
Q

Hypsodonty

A

High crowned teeth, usually with long crowns

47
Q

What does cementum cover in brachydont vs hypsodont teeth

A

Cementum only covers root in brachydont teeth but in hypsodont teeth cementum is surrounding enamel

48
Q

Why is root formation delayed in hypsodont mammals

A

So that crown continues to grow out of alveolus and can increase amount of exogenous grit in diet

49
Q

What is the primitive dental formula for mammals

50
Q

What are the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd numbers in triadan numbering system

A

1st- quadrant
2nd and 3rd- describe the position in the mouth, always begin with central incisor and progress medial to distal

51
Q

Incisors are always what numbers

A

01, 02, 03

52
Q

Canines are always what number

53
Q

Premolars are always what numbers

54
Q

First molar is always what number

55
Q

What are food specialists

A

Adapted to rely on very limited range of foods

56
Q

What are food generalists

A

Adapted to rely on wide range of foods

57
Q

What teeth are important for capturing and gripping prey

A

Large caniniform incisors and very large canines

58
Q

What teeth are responsible for shearing motion in carnivores

A

Carnassial teeth- upper P4 and lower m1 are enlarged

59
Q

Do carnivores gain or lose molars as an adaption for processing meat

A

Loss/reduction of molars

60
Q

What are the swine adaptions for an omnivorous diet (what crown shape)

A

Bunodont teeth and the wear of teeth creates pits/bowls which opposing cusps fit

61
Q

What must herbivores rely on to breakdown structural carbohydrates forming plant cell walls

A

Symbiotic microbes that ferment carbohydrates in herbivore food into energy rich byproducts- volatile fatty acids

62
Q

What is the primary energy source in herbivores

A

Volatile fatty acids

63
Q

What are the characteristics in a browsing diet

A

Less homogenous, increased chemical defense, reduced protein digestibility, less exogenous grit diet

64
Q

What are the characteristics of a grazing diet

A

Relatively homogenous, less chemical defense, increased protein digestibility, more exogenous grit in diet

65
Q

What are some adaptions for grazing and browsing in cows

A

Lack upper incisors and canines, lower canines have a very incisor like shape (4th incisor-I4), large space between anterior and cheek teeth

66
Q

Do goats/browers have a wide or narrow dental pad and what does it allow for

A

Narrower dental pad that allows for finer control of what food is being consumed

67
Q

Do cows/grazers have a narrow or wide dental pad and what does it allow for

A

Wide dental pad that allows for cropping of more grass with each bite

68
Q

What crown shape do ruminant cheek teeth have

A

Selendont and hypsodont

69
Q

Cheek teeth ___ in size distally

70
Q

Upper cheek teeth are ___ than lower ones

71
Q

At what age does enamel still surround the crown in cows

A

Newborn calf

72
Q

At what age in cows has incisor 1 been replaced, but others haven’t and the distal border of I1 has been slightly worn down with dentine exposed

73
Q

At what age in cows are I1-3 present I4 still deciduous

74
Q

At what age in cows are the lingual edges of occlusal surface of I1 and I2 smooth- teeth are level

75
Q

What crown type are horse incisors

76
Q

Pattern of incisor wear is very important for ____ in horses

A

Estimating age

77
Q

What crown type are cheek teeth in horses

78
Q

Where do dental cavities form

A

Enamel and dentine of tooth

79
Q

What species are dental cavities most common

A

Horses, often extracted

80
Q

Where can you gain access to maxillary teeth in horse for extraction

A

Via maxillary sinus

81
Q

What is gum disease

A

Bacterial infection of gum surrounding the tooth, leading to placque accumulation

82
Q

Gingivitis

A

Only gingiva but no damage to ligaments and bone

83
Q

Periodontitis

A

Tissue damage includes ligaments and bones

84
Q

When do temporary incisors 1-3 erupt in cattle

A

Birth-2 weeks

85
Q

When does permanent incisor 1 in cattle

A

18-24 months

86
Q

When does permanent incisor 2 erupt in cattle

A

24-30 months

87
Q

When does permanent incisor 3 erupt in cattle

A

36-42 months

88
Q

When does temporary incisor 4/canine erupt in cattle

A

Birth- 2 weeks

89
Q

When does permanent incisor/canine erupt in cattle

A

42-48 months

90
Q

When do temporary premolars 2-4 erupt in cattle

A

Birth-1 week

91
Q

When does permanent premolar 2 erupt in cattle

A

24-30 months

92
Q

When does permanent premolar 3 erupt in cattle

A

18-30 months

93
Q

When does permanent premolar 4 erupt in cattle

A

20-36 months

94
Q

When does molar 1 erupt in cattle

95
Q

When does molar 2 erupt in cattle

A

12-18 months

96
Q

When does molar 3 erupt in cattle

A

24-30 months

97
Q

When does temporary incisor 1 erupt in horses

98
Q

When does temporary incisor 2 erupt in horses

99
Q

When does temporary incisor 3 erupt in horses

100
Q

When does temporary incisor 3 become in wear in horses

101
Q

When do temporary incisors 1+2 level out in horses

102
Q

When does permanent incisor 1 erupt in horses

103
Q

When does permanent incisor 3 erupt in horses

104
Q

When does permanent incisor 3 erupt in horse

105
Q

When are all cusps present in horses

106
Q

When is incisor 1 cup gone in horse

107
Q

When is incisor cup 2 gone in horses

108
Q

When is incisor cup 3 gone in horses

109
Q

At what age does galvayne’s groove appear in horses

Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 (39 decks)

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