Lecture 14_ Artidoactyl and Perissodactyl Manus and Hoof Flashcards
What regions does the manus consist of
Knee/carpus, cannon, fetlock, pastern, hoof
Knee in horse=
Carpus
What are the carpal bones in horse
Radial carpal, intermediate carpal, ulnar carpal, accessory carpal
What is the cannon bone in the horse
Metacarpal II, III, and IV
What is the fetlock in the horse
Proximal sesamoid bones, phalanx I, distal end of MC III
What is the pastern in the horse
Distal end of PI and proximal PII
What is the hoof in a horse
PII, PIII, and distal sesamoid
What is the cannon bone in cow
MC III and IV
What is the fetlock in a cow
Proximal sesamoid bones, PI
What is the pastern in the cow
PII
What is the hoof in the cow
PIII
What are the bones in distal row of carpus of horse
1st, 2nd carpal, 3rd, carpal and 4th carpal
What are the distal carpal bones in the cow
2+3rd carpal bones are fused
What do the carpals articulate with in the horse
Metacarpal 3
What do the carpals articulate with in the cow
Metacarpal 3 and 4
What are the joints in the knee/carpus
Radiocarpal, ulnocarpal, intercarpal, and carpometacarpal
What are the joints in the cannon
There are no joints
What are the joints at the fetlock
Metacarpalphalangeal joint
What is the joint at the pastern
Proximal interphalangeal joint
What is the joint at the hoof
Distal interphalangeal joint
What are the ligaments in the horse knee
Collateral ligaments, intercarpal ligaments, accessory ligament
What do the collateral ligaments of the horse knee do
Prevent joint from bending from side to side
What do the intercarpal joints of the horse knee do
Keep carpal bones together
What do the accessory ligaments in horse knee do
Fix the accessory bone
What are the ligaments at the horses fetlock, pastern and hoof
Collateral articular ligaments
What do the collateral articular ligaments of horses fetlock, pastern and hoof do
Prevent joint from bending side to side and keep bones together
What are the ligaments in the cows fetlock pastern and hoof
Abaxial articular ligaments and axial articular ligaments
What do the abaxial articular ligaments do
Line the lateral aspect of the fetlock, pastern and hoof
What do the axial articular ligaments do
Line the internal region of the fetlock, pastern and hoof
What is the common digital extensor tendon and what are insertions
Enveloped by synovial sheath located at carpal and metacarpal regions
Insertions:
A. Extensor process of PIII
B: Proximal region of PI and PII
C: external surfaces of lateral cartilages
Lateral digital extensor tendon insertion
Dorsal aspect of proximal PI
Superficial digital flexor and insertions
At proximal region of fetlock and encloses deep digital flexor, at proximal extremity of PI and divides into 2 bands
Insertions:
A: lateral and medial eminences of proximal region of PII
B: lateral and medial aspects of PI
Deep digital flexor and insertions
Enclosed by superficial digital extensor
Insertion: solar surface of PIII
Check ligament and origin and insertions
Reinforces tendon of deep digital flexor
Origin: palmar surface of great metacarpus
Insertion: deep digital flexor
Interosseous muscle and origin and insertion
Part of suspensory apparatus
Origin: palmar carpal fascia
Insertion: proximal to fetlock, dives in to branches that joint lateral region of proximal sesamoid bones and lateral regions of PI
Distal sesamoid ligaments and origin and insertion
Part of passive stay apparatus
Medial oblique sesamoid, straight sesamoid, lateral oblique sesamoid
Origin: distal region of proximal sesamoid bones
Insertion: palmar region of PII
What are the three annular ligaments
Palmar annular ligament, proximal digital annular ligament, distal digital annular ligament
What is the palmar annular ligament
Covers palmar region of fetlock, arises from external surface of sesamoid bones, attaches to superficial digital flexor
What is the proximal digital annular ligament
Covers the palmar region of proximal area of pastern, arises with two proximal branches from medial and lateral aspects of PI, attaches with two distal branches on lateral and medial aspects of distal end of PI and fuses with superficial digital flexor
What is the distal digital annular ligament
Covers the deep digital flexor and attaches proximal with two branches to PI with the distal ones of the above ligament
What is the overall function of the annular ligaments
Reinforce joint sand work as flexor retinacula
What are the common digital extensors in cows
Lateral tendon, medial tendon and lateral digital extensor
what is the lateral tendon in cows
Common digital extensor, splits at fetlock in two separate branches
Inserts: extensor processes of PII in both digits
What is the medial tendon insertion in cows
Dorsomedial surface of PII in 3rd digit, reinforced by axial and abaxial branches of interosseous
What is the lateral digit extensor insertion in cows
Dorsolateral surface of PII of 4th digit also reinforced by branches of interosseous muscle
What is the superficial digital flexor and insertion in cows
Splits at fetlock in two separate branches for each digit. Each branch encloses deep digital flexor
Inserts: palmar surface of PII
What is the deep digital flexor and insertion for cows
Splits at fetlock in two separate branches for each digit, these are enclose by superficial digit flexor
Insertion: flexor eminence of PIII
What arteries supply the manus and hoof
Median and collateral ulnar arteries
What does the median artery give off in the manus and hoof
Medial palmar artery
What does the medial palmar artery give off
Medial and lateral digital artery
What do medial and lateral digital arteries give off
Dorsal branches
What does the collateral ulnar artery give off
Lateral palmar artery
What arteries supply the hoof
Medial and lateral digital arteries
Where do medial and lateral digital arteries anastomose and what do they form
Dorsal branches and end as single arch forming a terminal arch
What does the terminal arch supply
Corium
In cattle, what supplies the abaxial surface of digits
Lateral palmar digital arteries that extend and give off abaxial palmar digital arteries
What does the large palmar common artery give off in cows
Axial palmar digital arteries
What do axial and abaxial arteries give off after anastomosis
Dorsal branches
The manus and hoof are primarily innervated by what nerves and their branches
Median and ulnar
In cattle the median nerve divides to generate what
Medial and lateral palmar nerves
What does the medial palmar nerve give off
Palmar Axial digital nerves
What do the medial and lateral palmar nerve give off
Palmar abaxial digital nerves
In cattle the ulnar nerve gives off
Dorsal and palmar nerves
In cattle radial nerve divides into
Dorsal common digital nerves
Complete rupture of extensor tendon leads to permanent _____ at fetlock
Flexion
Complete rupture of flexor tendons leads to permanent ____ at fetlock
Hyperextension
