Lecture 14_ Artidoactyl and Perissodactyl Manus and Hoof

Question 1

What regions does the manus consist of

Answer 1

Knee/carpus, cannon, fetlock, pastern, hoof

Question 2

Knee in horse=

Answer 2

Carpus

Question 3

What are the carpal bones in horse

Answer 3

Radial carpal, intermediate carpal, ulnar carpal, accessory carpal

Question 4

What is the cannon bone in the horse

Answer 4

Metacarpal II, III, and IV

Question 5

What is the fetlock in the horse

Answer 5

Proximal sesamoid bones, phalanx I, distal end of MC III

Question 6

What is the pastern in the horse

Answer 6

Distal end of PI and proximal PII

Question 7

What is the hoof in a horse

Answer 7

PII, PIII, and distal sesamoid

Question 8

What is the cannon bone in cow

Answer 8

MC III and IV

Question 9

What is the fetlock in a cow

Answer 9

Proximal sesamoid bones, PI

Question 10

What is the pastern in the cow

Answer 10

PII

Question 11

What is the hoof in the cow

Answer 11

PIII

Question 12

What are the bones in distal row of carpus of horse

Answer 12

1st, 2nd carpal, 3rd, carpal and 4th carpal

Question 13

What are the distal carpal bones in the cow

Answer 13

2+3rd carpal bones are fused

Question 14

What do the carpals articulate with in the horse

Answer 14

Metacarpal 3

Question 15

What do the carpals articulate with in the cow

Answer 15

Metacarpal 3 and 4

Question 16

What are the joints in the knee/carpus

Answer 16

Radiocarpal, ulnocarpal, intercarpal, and carpometacarpal

Question 17

What are the joints in the cannon

Answer 17

There are no joints

Question 18

What are the joints at the fetlock

Answer 18

Metacarpalphalangeal joint

Question 19

What is the joint at the pastern

Answer 19

Proximal interphalangeal joint

Question 20

What is the joint at the hoof

Answer 20

Distal interphalangeal joint

Question 21

What are the ligaments in the horse knee

Answer 21

Collateral ligaments, intercarpal ligaments, accessory ligament

Question 22

What do the collateral ligaments of the horse knee do

Answer 22

Prevent joint from bending from side to side

Question 23

What do the intercarpal joints of the horse knee do

Answer 23

Keep carpal bones together

Question 24

What do the accessory ligaments in horse knee do

Answer 24

Fix the accessory bone

Question 25

What are the ligaments at the horses fetlock, pastern and hoof

Answer 25

Collateral articular ligaments

Question 26

What do the collateral articular ligaments of horses fetlock, pastern and hoof do

Answer 26

Prevent joint from bending side to side and keep bones together

Question 27

What are the ligaments in the cows fetlock pastern and hoof

Answer 27

Abaxial articular ligaments and axial articular ligaments

Question 28

What do the abaxial articular ligaments do

Answer 28

Line the lateral aspect of the fetlock, pastern and hoof

Question 29

What do the axial articular ligaments do

Answer 29

Line the internal region of the fetlock, pastern and hoof

Question 30

What is the common digital extensor tendon and what are insertions

Answer 30

Enveloped by synovial sheath located at carpal and metacarpal regions Insertions: A. Extensor process of PIII B: Proximal region of PI and PII C: external surfaces of lateral cartilages

Question 31

Lateral digital extensor tendon insertion

Answer 31

Dorsal aspect of proximal PI

Question 32

Superficial digital flexor and insertions

Answer 32

At proximal region of fetlock and encloses deep digital flexor, at proximal extremity of PI and divides into 2 bands Insertions: A: lateral and medial eminences of proximal region of PII B: lateral and medial aspects of PI

Question 33

Deep digital flexor and insertions

Answer 33

Enclosed by superficial digital extensor Insertion: solar surface of PIII

Question 34

Check ligament and origin and insertions

Answer 34

Reinforces tendon of deep digital flexor Origin: palmar surface of great metacarpus Insertion: deep digital flexor

Question 35

Interosseous muscle and origin and insertion

Answer 35

Part of suspensory apparatus Origin: palmar carpal fascia Insertion: proximal to fetlock, dives in to branches that joint lateral region of proximal sesamoid bones and lateral regions of PI

Question 36

Distal sesamoid ligaments and origin and insertion

Answer 36

Part of passive stay apparatus Medial oblique sesamoid, straight sesamoid, lateral oblique sesamoid Origin: distal region of proximal sesamoid bones Insertion: palmar region of PII

Question 37

What are the three annular ligaments

Answer 37

Palmar annular ligament, proximal digital annular ligament, distal digital annular ligament

Question 38

What is the palmar annular ligament

Answer 38

Covers palmar region of fetlock, arises from external surface of sesamoid bones, attaches to superficial digital flexor

Question 39

What is the proximal digital annular ligament

Answer 39

Covers the palmar region of proximal area of pastern, arises with two proximal branches from medial and lateral aspects of PI, attaches with two distal branches on lateral and medial aspects of distal end of PI and fuses with superficial digital flexor

Question 40

What is the distal digital annular ligament

Answer 40

Covers the deep digital flexor and attaches proximal with two branches to PI with the distal ones of the above ligament

Question 41

What is the overall function of the annular ligaments

Answer 41

Reinforce joint sand work as flexor retinacula

Question 42

What are the common digital extensors in cows

Answer 42

Lateral tendon, medial tendon and lateral digital extensor

Question 43

what is the lateral tendon in cows

Answer 43

Common digital extensor, splits at fetlock in two separate branches Inserts: extensor processes of PII in both digits

Question 44

What is the medial tendon insertion in cows

Answer 44

Dorsomedial surface of PII in 3rd digit, reinforced by axial and abaxial branches of interosseous

Question 45

What is the lateral digit extensor insertion in cows

Answer 45

Dorsolateral surface of PII of 4th digit also reinforced by branches of interosseous muscle

Question 46

What is the superficial digital flexor and insertion in cows

Answer 46

Splits at fetlock in two separate branches for each digit. Each branch encloses deep digital flexor Inserts: palmar surface of PII

Question 47

What is the deep digital flexor and insertion for cows

Answer 47

Splits at fetlock in two separate branches for each digit, these are enclose by superficial digit flexor Insertion: flexor eminence of PIII

Question 48

What arteries supply the manus and hoof

Answer 48

Median and collateral ulnar arteries

Question 49

What does the median artery give off in the manus and hoof

Answer 49

Medial palmar artery

Question 50

What does the medial palmar artery give off

Answer 50

Medial and lateral digital artery

Question 51

What do medial and lateral digital arteries give off

Answer 51

Dorsal branches

Question 52

What does the collateral ulnar artery give off

Answer 52

Lateral palmar artery

Question 53

What arteries supply the hoof

Answer 53

Medial and lateral digital arteries

Question 54

Where do medial and lateral digital arteries anastomose and what do they form

Answer 54

Dorsal branches and end as single arch forming a terminal arch

Question 55

What does the terminal arch supply

Answer 55

Corium

Question 56

In cattle, what supplies the abaxial surface of digits

Answer 56

Lateral palmar digital arteries that extend and give off abaxial palmar digital arteries

Question 57

What does the large palmar common artery give off in cows

Answer 57

Axial palmar digital arteries

Question 58

What do axial and abaxial arteries give off after anastomosis

Answer 58

Dorsal branches

Question 59

The manus and hoof are primarily innervated by what nerves and their branches

Answer 59

Median and ulnar

Question 60

In cattle the median nerve divides to generate what

Answer 60

Medial and lateral palmar nerves

Question 61

What does the medial palmar nerve give off

Answer 61

Palmar Axial digital nerves

Question 62

What do the medial and lateral palmar nerve give off

Answer 62

Palmar abaxial digital nerves

Question 63

In cattle the ulnar nerve gives off

Answer 63

Dorsal and palmar nerves

Question 64

In cattle radial nerve divides into

Answer 64

Dorsal common digital nerves

Question 65

Complete rupture of extensor tendon leads to permanent _____ at fetlock

Answer 65

Flexion

Question 66

Complete rupture of flexor tendons leads to permanent ____ at fetlock

Answer 66

Hyperextension