Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 > Lecture 29: Neuroanatomy of the Auditory and Vestibular Systems > Flashcards

Lecture 29: Neuroanatomy of the Auditory and Vestibular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the vestibular system

A

Transduce and interpret head movements, maintain position of visual axes when head is moving, send motor commands to the trunk and limb muscles in order to maintain balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

Maintain positioning of the visual axes when the head is moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the auditory system

A

Transduce and interpret vibrations due to sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What structure receives information from the organs of balance on head movement and information on muscle firing from the cerebellum

A

Vestibular nuclei in the brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the pathway of information on the head and body movement

A

Utricle, saccule and ampulla—> scarpa’s ganglion—> CN VIII—> nuclei in brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is responsible for sending motor to antigravity muscles to maintain upright posture

A

Vestibulospinal tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the pathway of motor to extraocular nuclei to coordinate eye movements

A

Medial longitudinal fasciculus—> oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What brain structure is responsible for receiving input on body position and movement from cortex, spinal cord and vestibular movement. Coordinates motor output through the cortical and vestibular pathways. Coordinates timing of movement

A

Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What could be the result of a lesion to CN VII or the vestibular nuclei

A

Disruptions in stance, head posture, and balance. Damage that includes the vestibular nuclei can also lead to loss of extensor muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What structures are encased within the bony labyrinth

A

Organs of balance and hearing, contained with the petrous portion of the temporal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the flow from the air filled outer and middle ear cavities to fluid filled ear cavities

A

Sound energy (outer)—> through tympanic membrane—> auditory ossicles (malleus-incus-stapes in middle ear)—-> oval window (inner ear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the vestibular organs

A

Semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule and vestibular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the cochlear organs

A

Cochlear duct and cochlear nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What region contains endolymph

A

Membranous labyrinth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What region contains perilymph

A

Region between the membranous ducts and the bony labyrinth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of receptors are located in the vestibular and cochlear apparatus and what do they depend on

A

Mechanoreceptors that depend on the mechanical displacement of receptors by fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What structures are responsible for sensing rotation of head

A

Semicircular ducts and ampulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What structures are responsible for sensing linear head movement in a horizontal plane

A

Utricle and macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What structures are responsible for sensing linear head movement in vertical plane

A

Saccule and macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the vestibular ganglion

A

Scarpa’s ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What vestibular organs and how many of each are located on each side of head

A

3 semicircular ducts with 1 ampulla
1 utricle with one macula
1 saccule with one macula
1 vestibular ganglion/scarpa’s ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of the saccule

A

To monitor and activate in response to linear acceleration of vertical movements (up and down) relative to gravity vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
What is the function of the utricle
To monitor and activate response to linear acceleration of horizontal movements (side to side, front to back) relative to the gravity vector
23
What is the function of the three semicircular ducts
Function to monitor and respond to angular acceleration (rotation) of head in all planes
23
What organs of the vestibular membranous labyrinth Transduce acceleration
Utricle, saccule and semicircular ducts
24
Where are the hair cells located within the semicircular ducts
Ampulla
25
Ampullary crest hair cells embed in the ___
Crista
26
Stereocilia embed in the ___
Gelatinous cupula
27
Moving ____ bends the cupula which tilt the ___ towards ____
Endolymph, sterocilia and kinocilium
28
Cilia are surrounded by ___
Endolymph
29
What is the concentration of K+ and Na+ in the endolymph
K+ (high)= 150mM and Na+ (low)=1mM
30
Cell bodies and dendrites of the hair cells are surrounded by ___
Perilymph
31
What is the concentration of K+ and Na+ in perilymph
Low K+ and high Na+
32
What happens when stereocilia move towards kinocilium
Hair cells depolarize and Ca2+ enters cell and increase firing rate
33
What happens when sterocilia are deflected away from kinocilium
Hair cells hyperpolarize and decrease firing rate
34
What makes up the internal structure of stereocilia and kinocilium
Actin
35
What are the otolith organs
Utricle and saccule
36
Otolith organs Transduce ___ acceleration
Linear acceleration Utricle- detects horizontal displacement Saccule- detects vertical displacement
37
Moving of the head allows displacement of ___ which moves and tilts sterocilia toward kinocilium
Gelatinous cap
38
Hair cells in macular organs have ___ orientation
Mirrored
39
What does the reversal line indicate and what is the functionality
Indicates where hair cell orientation changes. Functionally some hair cells are depolarizing while others are hyperpolarizing
40
What structure is responsible for summing the signal of the variation in stimulation from the reversal line
Vestibular nuclei
41
Hair cells are ___ polarized on right and left sides
Oppositely polarized
42
Hair cells will ___ on the side of the head toward which the person is turning meanwhile will ___ on the side from which the Person is turning
Depolarize (increase firing rate), hyperpolarize (decrease firing rate)
43
Vestibular nuclei compare firing rates from each side, magnitudes should ___ in a healthy individual
Match
44
What structure controls vestibuloocular relfex
Semicircular canals
45
Ex: head rotates to the right but eyes stay forward. What organ monitors head rotation? What muscles receive motor commands to keep eyes centered
Vestibular organs monitor head rotation Motor commands are sent to contract the LEFT lateral rectus and RIGHT medial rectus
46
A lesion to CN VIII, vestibular apparatus or vestibular nuclei leads to an imbalance of ____ received by vestibular nuclei
Action potentials
47
What is the result of imbalanced action potentials received by vestibular nuclei
Perception that the head is constantly moving when its not
48
What structures provide mammals with an extended range of hearing compared to other vertebrates
The middle ear contains the malleus, incus, and stapes in mammalian anatomy whereas the anatomy in non-mammalian vertebrates only contains the stapes, therefore mammals have a greater ability to amplify sound
49
What animal can hear at the highest frequency
Bottlenose dolphin
50
What animal can hear at the lowest frequency
Elephant
51
Where is the cochlea located in relation to the semicircular ducts
Rostromedially
52
The footplate of the stapes transmits vibrations to the membrane of the ___ and ___ of the scala vestibuli
Oval window and perilymph
53
The mechanoelectrical mechanism is embedded in
Scala media
54
Fluid displacement from the oval window creates waves and displacements in membranes of the ____
Cochlea
55
What fluid fills the cochlear duct
Endolymph
56
What fluid fills the scala vestibuli and scala tympani
Perilymph
57
Stereocilia hair cells along the basilar membrane are embedded into the ____ membrane
Gelatinous tectorial membrane`
58
Displacements of the basilar membrane relative to the tectoral membrane displaces the stereocilia resulting in what
Causing mechanoelectrical transduction and depolarization
59
What membrane helps encode frequency
Basilar membrane
60
What frequency is best encoded closest to stapes and oval window
high frequencies
61
What frequency is best encoded farthest away from stapes and oval window
Low frequencies
62
How can animals determine where a sound came from
Interaural time/arrival difference and interaural level difference are used to compute location based on timing and sound level differences received between each side

Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions