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Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 > Lecture 37 and 38: Avian comparative Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 37 and 38: Avian comparative Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

compared to mammals, bones of birds are __ and ___ due to greater calcium content

A

Lighter and stronger

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2
Q

In birds their vertebrae undergo considerable ____

A

Fusions

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3
Q

How is the pelvis oriented in birds

A

Open ventrally

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4
Q

The major anatomical differences in birds are adaptations for ___

A

Flight

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5
Q

label the following and note which are just present in avian species

A
  1. Premaxilla
  2. Nasal
  3. Maxilla
  4. Mandible
  5. Lacrimal
  6. Frontal
  7. Palatine
  8. Jugal (ONLY BIRDS)
  9. Quadrate (ONLY BIRDS)
  10. Quadratojugal (ONLY BIRDS)
  11. Parietal
  12. Temporal
  13. Occipital
  14. Sphenoid
  15. Not present in avian(zygomatic arch)

A. Nasal aperture
B. Orbit
C. Optic foramen
D. Jugal arch (BIRDS ONLY)
E. Sclerotic ring (BIRDS ONLY)
G. External acoustic meatus
H. Occipital condyle

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6
Q

What bones form the bony base of the break

A

Premaxilla, Maxilla, and mandible

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7
Q

What bones replace the zygomatic bones in avian species

A

Jugal, quadrate and quadratojugal

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8
Q

How many condyles are present in occipital bone of avian species

A

1 (2 in mammals)

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9
Q

What is the bony ring present in avian orbits to hold the eye

A

Sclerotic ring

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10
Q

How many cervical vertebrae do chickens have

A

14-17

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11
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae do chickens have

A

7

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12
Q

How many Lumbar and Sacral vertebrae do chickens have

A

14

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13
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae do chickens have

A

5

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14
Q

What is the notorium

A

Fusion T1-3 or 5 vertebrae

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15
Q

What is the synsacrum

A

Fusion of T7, L,S, and C1

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16
Q

What is the pygostyle

A

Fusion of C2-5

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17
Q

What parts of the vertebral column make the dorsal trunk rigid

A

Notorium and synsacrum

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18
Q

What part of vertebral column provides mobility to tail

A

Pygostyle

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19
Q

what is indicated by yellow, red and blue arrows

A

Yellow: notorium
Red: synsacrum
Blue: pygostyle

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20
Q

Identify 1-4

A
  1. Synsacrum
  2. Ilium
  3. Pubis
  4. Ischium
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21
Q

What forms the bony pelvis in birds

A

Synsacrum, ilium, ischium, and pubis

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22
Q

T or F: hip bones in avian species meet at ventral symphysis

A

False!

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23
Q

identify 1-3 and yellow arrow

A
  1. Vertebral segment
    1a. Uncinate process
  2. Sternal segment
  3. Sternum
    Yellow arrow: floating rib
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24
Q

What are the two rib segments in birds

A

Ventral and sternal segments

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25
Q

What connects the vertebral segments of ribs to caudal rib

A

Uncinated procces

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26
Q

identify 1-6

A
  1. Keel
    1a. Lateral surface
    1b. Dorsal surface
    1c. Ventral surface
    1d. Apex
  2. Costal border
  3. Manubrial spine
  4. Sternocoracoidal process
  5. Caudal lateral process
  6. Caudal medial process
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27
Q

Do avian species have sternabrae

A

No, just one large ossified piece- keel

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28
Q

At costal border the sternum articulates with

A

Sternal segments of the ribs

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29
Q

At the cranial region of the sternum the sternocoracoid process extends and articulates with ___

A

Coracoid bone

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30
Q

Identify 1-10 and a-c

A
  1. Clavicle
  2. Coracoid
  3. Scapula
  4. Humerus
  5. Radius
  6. Ulna
  7. Ulnar carpal
  8. Radial carpal
  9. Carpometacarpals
  10. Phalanges

A. Digit II
B. Digit III
C. Digit IV

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31
Q

What bones make up the thoracic girdle in birds

A

Clavicle, scapula and Coracoid

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32
Q

What two bones does the Coracoid articulate with

A

Scapula and sternum

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33
Q

Where is the scapula located in avian species

A

Dorsal surface of ribs

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34
Q

The humerus does not articulate with ___ in a typical ball in socket joint

A

Scapula

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35
Q

The ulna is ___ relative to radius

A

Larger

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36
Q

How many phalanges does digit II have

A

0

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37
Q

Identify 1-7 and a-d

A
  1. Femur
  2. Patella
  3. Tibia
  4. Fibula
  5. Tarsometatarsus
  6. Metarsus I
  7. Phalanges

A. Digit I
B. Digit II
C. Digit III
D. Digit IV

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38
Q

What are the two extrinsic flight muscles of the wings

A
  1. Pectoralis
  2. Supracoracoideus
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39
Q

Which muscle pulls the wings down for flight

A

Pectoralis

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40
Q

Which muscle raises the wings for flight

A

Supracoracoideus

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41
Q

What is the largest muscle in birds

A

Pectoralis

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42
Q

Where does the Pectoralis muscle originate

A

Sternum, Coracoid and clavicles

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43
Q

Where does Pectoralis muscle insert

A

Medial surface of proximal epiphysis of the humerus

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44
Q

Where does the Supracoracoideus muscle originate

A

Lateral surface of the sternum and Coracoid bones

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45
Q

Where does the supracoideus insert

A

Proximal epiphysis of humerus

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46
Q

Identify 1-6

A
  1. Triceps
  2. Biceps brachial
  3. Extensor carpi radialis
  4. Pronator superficialis
  5. Flexor digitorium
  6. Flexor carpi ulnaris
47
Q

The beak is a ___derived structure

A

Skin

48
Q

The Premaxilla and maxillar bones make up what part of the beak

A

Upper rhamphoteca

49
Q

The mandible makes up what part of beak

A

Lower rhamphoteca

50
Q

T or F: birds have a soft palate

A

False!

51
Q

In most bird species the tongue is a ____ structure

A

Pointy keratinized

52
Q

identify 1-3

A
  1. Beak
    1a. Rhinotheca
    1b. Gnathotheca
  2. Tongue
  3. Hyoid
    3a. Paraglossal bone
    3b. Rostral basibrachial
    3c. Caudal basibranchial
    3d. Ceratobranchial
    3e. Epibranchial
53
Q

Before the esophagus enters the thorax it enlarges to produce a pouch like structure known as ___

A

Crop

54
Q

identify 1-6

A
  1. Larynx
  2. Trachea
  3. Esophagus
    3a. Crop
  4. Thymus
  5. Vagus nerve
  6. Cervical muscles
55
Q

What are some functions of the crop

A

Food storage, partial food digestion and production of crop milk

56
Q

What does the crop produce when offspring are present

A

Semi-yellowish substance that is high in fat and protein. Also contains antioxidants, IgA

57
Q

identify 1-9

A
  1. Esophagus
  2. Crop
  3. Proventriculus
  4. Ventriculus (gizzard)
  5. Small intestine
    5a. Duodenum
    5b. Jejunum and ileum
    5c. Messengers
  6. Large intestine
    6a. Ceca
    6b. Colo-rectum
  7. Cloaca
    7a. Vent
  8. Pancreas
  9. Liver
    9a. Gallbladder
58
Q

What are the two chambers of the stomach

A

Proventriculus and ventriculus

59
Q

What is the common Oran for the terminal parts of urinary, digestive and reproductive systems

A

Cloaca

60
Q

Which part of the stomach is the glandular stomach

A

Proventriculus

61
Q

What part of the stomach secretes HCL and mucous to break down proteins

A

Glandular

62
Q

What part of stomach is muscular

A

Ventriculus

63
Q

What part of stomach does mechanical breakdown

A

Ventriculus

64
Q

What separates the Proventriculus and ventriculus

A

Isthmus

65
Q

identify 1-4

A
  1. Proventriculus
  2. Isthmus
  3. Ventriculus
    3a. Cranial blind sac
    3b, caudal blind sac
    3c. Pylorus
    3d, muscular region
  4. Duodenum
66
Q

What do oxyticopeptic cells produce

A

HCl in Proventriculus

67
Q

What do pepsinogen cells produce

A

Mucous in Proventriculus

68
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum

A

Diverticulum on jejunum that is a small remnant of yolk sac

69
Q

label 1-7

A
  1. Ileum
  2. Ceca
  3. Ileocecal folds
  4. Colo-rectum
  5. Iliocolic junction
  6. Cecal sphincter
  7. Cloaca
70
Q

identify 1-7

A
  1. Colo-rectum
    2, coprodeum
  2. Urodeum
  3. Proctodeum
  4. Vent
  5. Cloacal bursa
    7, dorsal proteodeal gland
71
Q

What is the coprodeum

A

Union of colorectum with cloaca

72
Q

What is the urodeum

A

Union of urinary tract with cloaca

73
Q

What is the proctodeum

A

Union of reproductive tract with cloaca

74
Q

identify 1-11

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Nares
    2a. Operculum
  3. Nasal septum
  4. Chana
  5. Conchae
    5a. Rostral
    5b. Medium
    5c. Caudal
  6. Oropharynx
  7. Hyoid
  8. Larynx
    8a. Glottis
  9. Artyenoid cartilages
  10. Cricoid cartilage
  11. Trachae
75
Q

What is the cornified flap that partially covers the nostril

A

Operculum

76
Q

What 3 laryngeal cartilages do birds have

A

Artyenoid, procricoid and cricoid

77
Q

Do birds have an epiglottis

A

No, they have a glottis that is just an incomplete slit

78
Q

identify 1-4

A

Trachea
2. Syrinx
3. Primary bronchi
4. Lungs

79
Q

What structure does the trachea divide into before the primary bronchi

A

Syrinx

80
Q

What is the syrinx

A

Voice organ

81
Q

identify 1-6

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Tympanum
  3. Lateral tympaniform membrane
  4. Medial tympaniform membrane
  5. Pessulus
    6, primary bronchi
82
Q

During exhalation the air makes what structures vibrate

A

Lateral and medial tympaniform membranes

83
Q

What separates the bronchial divisions and provides stability to them

A

Pessulus

84
Q

label 1-4

A
  1. Lung
    1a. Costal impressions
  2. Ribs
  3. Intercostal muscles
  4. Intercostal nerves and vessels
85
Q

Primary bronchi enter the ventral surface of the lung and pass diagonally as the ____

A

Mesobronchus

86
Q

Each mesobronchus gives rise to ____ and ___

A

Secondary bronchi and parabronchi

87
Q

What makes up the paleopulmo

A

Secondary bronchi of medial area and associated parabronchi

88
Q

What makes up the neupulmo

A

Secondary bronchi of lateral area and associated parabronchi

89
Q

Which bronchi connect to cranial air sacs

A

Secondary paleopulmonic bronchi

90
Q

Which bronchi connect to caudal air sacs

A

Secondary neuplumonic bronchi

91
Q

Where does gas exchange take place

A

Walls of parabronchi

92
Q

What are the expansible respiratory organs

A

Air sacs

93
Q

The air sacs cause ___ of bones

A

Pneumatization

94
Q

The cervical air sac is associated with what bones

A

Cervical vertebrae, notorium and humerus

95
Q

The clavicular air sac is associated with what bones

A

Coracoid and sternum

96
Q

The cranial thoracic air sac is associated with what bones

A

Sternum

97
Q

The abdominal air sac is associated with what bones

A

Synsacrum and femur

98
Q

What bones help birds fly

A

Pneumatic bones

99
Q

Where air sac does fresh air travel to and which air sacs does stale air travel to

A

Fresh: caudal
Stale: cranial

100
Q

Which parabronchi open air sacs and pull air in

A

Paelopulmonic

101
Q

Which parabronchi close and push air out

A

Neupulmonic parabronchi

102
Q

T or F: birds have a renal pelvis

A

False

103
Q

True or False: birds don’t have a bladder or urethra

A

True

104
Q

identify 1-4

A
  1. Kidney
  2. Testes
  3. Epididymis
  4. Deferent duct
105
Q

How do testicles appear in immature non–reproducing birds

A

Yellowish and small

106
Q

Where is seminal fluid produced in birds

A

Testes and ductus deferents

107
Q

What is the phallus composed of

A

3 mucous extensions of cloaca

108
Q

What vessels are involved in bird erection

A

Paracloacal lymphatic vessels

109
Q

The female reproductive system is formed by

A

Ovary and oviduct

110
Q

What side of female reproductive organs usually regress

A

Right

111
Q

identify 1, 2, 7, 8, 9

A
  1. Ovary
    1a, ovarian follicles
  2. Oviduct
  3. Cloaca
  4. Ventral ligament of oviduct
  5. Right oviduct
112
Q

True or false: birds don’t have lymph nodes

A

True

113
Q

What are cecal tonsils

A

Lymphoid tissue at each ceca

114
Q

What is the cloacal bursa

A

Lymphoid organ

Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 (39 decks)

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