Lecture 37 and 38: Avian comparative Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
compared to mammals, bones of birds are __ and ___ due to greater calcium content
A
Lighter and stronger
2
Q
In birds their vertebrae undergo considerable ____
A
Fusions
3
Q
How is the pelvis oriented in birds
A
Open ventrally
4
Q
The major anatomical differences in birds are adaptations for ___
A
Flight
5
Q
label the following and note which are just present in avian species
A
- Premaxilla
- Nasal
- Maxilla
- Mandible
- Lacrimal
- Frontal
- Palatine
- Jugal (ONLY BIRDS)
- Quadrate (ONLY BIRDS)
- Quadratojugal (ONLY BIRDS)
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Occipital
- Sphenoid
- Not present in avian(zygomatic arch)
A. Nasal aperture
B. Orbit
C. Optic foramen
D. Jugal arch (BIRDS ONLY)
E. Sclerotic ring (BIRDS ONLY)
G. External acoustic meatus
H. Occipital condyle
6
Q
What bones form the bony base of the break
A
Premaxilla, Maxilla, and mandible
7
Q
What bones replace the zygomatic bones in avian species
A
Jugal, quadrate and quadratojugal
8
Q
How many condyles are present in occipital bone of avian species
A
1 (2 in mammals)
9
Q
What is the bony ring present in avian orbits to hold the eye
A
Sclerotic ring
10
Q
How many cervical vertebrae do chickens have
A
14-17
11
Q
How many thoracic vertebrae do chickens have
A
7
12
Q
How many Lumbar and Sacral vertebrae do chickens have
A
14
13
Q
How many coccygeal vertebrae do chickens have
A
5
14
Q
What is the notorium
A
Fusion T1-3 or 5 vertebrae
15
Q
What is the synsacrum
A
Fusion of T7, L,S, and C1
16
Q
What is the pygostyle
A
Fusion of C2-5
17
Q
What parts of the vertebral column make the dorsal trunk rigid
A
Notorium and synsacrum
18
Q
What part of vertebral column provides mobility to tail
A
Pygostyle
19
Q
what is indicated by yellow, red and blue arrows
A
Yellow: notorium
Red: synsacrum
Blue: pygostyle
20
Q
Identify 1-4
A
- Synsacrum
- Ilium
- Pubis
- Ischium
21
Q
What forms the bony pelvis in birds
A
Synsacrum, ilium, ischium, and pubis
22
Q
T or F: hip bones in avian species meet at ventral symphysis
A
False!
23
Q
identify 1-3 and yellow arrow
A
- Vertebral segment
1a. Uncinate process - Sternal segment
- Sternum
Yellow arrow: floating rib
24
Q
What are the two rib segments in birds
A
Ventral and sternal segments
25
What connects the vertebral segments of ribs to caudal rib
Uncinated procces
26
identify 1-6
1. Keel
1a. Lateral surface
1b. Dorsal surface
1c. Ventral surface
1d. Apex
2. Costal border
3. Manubrial spine
4. Sternocoracoidal process
5. Caudal lateral process
6. Caudal medial process
27
Do avian species have sternabrae
No, just one large ossified piece- keel
28
At costal border the sternum articulates with
Sternal segments of the ribs
29
At the cranial region of the sternum the sternocoracoid process extends and articulates with ___
Coracoid bone
30
Identify 1-10 and a-c
1. Clavicle
2. Coracoid
3. Scapula
4. Humerus
5. Radius
6. Ulna
7. Ulnar carpal
8. Radial carpal
9. Carpometacarpals
10. Phalanges
A. Digit II
B. Digit III
C. Digit IV
31
What bones make up the thoracic girdle in birds
Clavicle, scapula and Coracoid
32
What two bones does the Coracoid articulate with
Scapula and sternum
33
Where is the scapula located in avian species
Dorsal surface of ribs
34
The humerus does not articulate with ___ in a typical ball in socket joint
Scapula
35
The ulna is ___ relative to radius
Larger
36
How many phalanges does digit II have
0
37
Identify 1-7 and a-d
1. Femur
2. Patella
3. Tibia
4. Fibula
5. Tarsometatarsus
6. Metarsus I
7. Phalanges
A. Digit I
B. Digit II
C. Digit III
D. Digit IV
38
What are the two extrinsic flight muscles of the wings
1. Pectoralis
2. Supracoracoideus
39
Which muscle pulls the wings down for flight
Pectoralis
40
Which muscle raises the wings for flight
Supracoracoideus
41
What is the largest muscle in birds
Pectoralis
42
Where does the Pectoralis muscle originate
Sternum, Coracoid and clavicles
43
Where does Pectoralis muscle insert
Medial surface of proximal epiphysis of the humerus
44
Where does the Supracoracoideus muscle originate
Lateral surface of the sternum and Coracoid bones
45
Where does the supracoideus insert
Proximal epiphysis of humerus
46
Identify 1-6
1. Triceps
2. Biceps brachial
3. Extensor carpi radialis
4. Pronator superficialis
5. Flexor digitorium
6. Flexor carpi ulnaris
47
The beak is a ___derived structure
Skin
48
The Premaxilla and maxillar bones make up what part of the beak
Upper rhamphoteca
49
The mandible makes up what part of beak
Lower rhamphoteca
50
T or F: birds have a soft palate
False!
51
In most bird species the tongue is a ____ structure
Pointy keratinized
52
identify 1-3
1. Beak
1a. Rhinotheca
1b. Gnathotheca
2. Tongue
3. Hyoid
3a. Paraglossal bone
3b. Rostral basibrachial
3c. Caudal basibranchial
3d. Ceratobranchial
3e. Epibranchial
53
Before the esophagus enters the thorax it enlarges to produce a pouch like structure known as ___
Crop
54
identify 1-6
1. Larynx
2. Trachea
3. Esophagus
3a. Crop
4. Thymus
5. Vagus nerve
6. Cervical muscles
55
What are some functions of the crop
Food storage, partial food digestion and production of crop milk
56
What does the crop produce when offspring are present
Semi-yellowish substance that is high in fat and protein. Also contains antioxidants, IgA
57
identify 1-9
1. Esophagus
2. Crop
3. Proventriculus
4. Ventriculus (gizzard)
5. Small intestine
5a. Duodenum
5b. Jejunum and ileum
5c. Messengers
6. Large intestine
6a. Ceca
6b. Colo-rectum
7. Cloaca
7a. Vent
8. Pancreas
9. Liver
9a. Gallbladder
58
What are the two chambers of the stomach
Proventriculus and ventriculus
59
What is the common Oran for the terminal parts of urinary, digestive and reproductive systems
Cloaca
60
Which part of the stomach is the glandular stomach
Proventriculus
61
What part of the stomach secretes HCL and mucous to break down proteins
Glandular
62
What part of stomach is muscular
Ventriculus
63
What part of stomach does mechanical breakdown
Ventriculus
64
What separates the Proventriculus and ventriculus
Isthmus
65
identify 1-4
1. Proventriculus
2. Isthmus
3. Ventriculus
3a. Cranial blind sac
3b, caudal blind sac
3c. Pylorus
3d, muscular region
4. Duodenum
66
What do oxyticopeptic cells produce
HCl in Proventriculus
67
What do pepsinogen cells produce
Mucous in Proventriculus
68
What is Meckel’s diverticulum
Diverticulum on jejunum that is a small remnant of yolk sac
69
label 1-7
1. Ileum
2. Ceca
3. Ileocecal folds
4. Colo-rectum
5. Iliocolic junction
6. Cecal sphincter
7. Cloaca
70
identify 1-7
1. Colo-rectum
2, coprodeum
3. Urodeum
4. Proctodeum
5. Vent
6. Cloacal bursa
7, dorsal proteodeal gland
71
What is the coprodeum
Union of colorectum with cloaca
72
What is the urodeum
Union of urinary tract with cloaca
73
What is the proctodeum
Union of reproductive tract with cloaca
74
identify 1-11
1. Nasal cavity
2. Nares
2a. Operculum
3. Nasal septum
4. Chana
5. Conchae
5a. Rostral
5b. Medium
5c. Caudal
6. Oropharynx
7. Hyoid
8. Larynx
8a. Glottis
9. Artyenoid cartilages
10. Cricoid cartilage
11. Trachae
75
What is the cornified flap that partially covers the nostril
Operculum
76
What 3 laryngeal cartilages do birds have
Artyenoid, procricoid and cricoid
77
Do birds have an epiglottis
No, they have a glottis that is just an incomplete slit
78
identify 1-4
Trachea
2. Syrinx
3. Primary bronchi
4. Lungs
79
What structure does the trachea divide into before the primary bronchi
Syrinx
80
What is the syrinx
Voice organ
81
identify 1-6
1. Trachea
2. Tympanum
3. Lateral tympaniform membrane
4. Medial tympaniform membrane
5. Pessulus
6, primary bronchi
82
During exhalation the air makes what structures vibrate
Lateral and medial tympaniform membranes
83
What separates the bronchial divisions and provides stability to them
Pessulus
84
label 1-4
1. Lung
1a. Costal impressions
2. Ribs
3. Intercostal muscles
4. Intercostal nerves and vessels
85
Primary bronchi enter the ventral surface of the lung and pass diagonally as the ____
Mesobronchus
86
Each mesobronchus gives rise to ____ and ___
Secondary bronchi and parabronchi
87
What makes up the paleopulmo
Secondary bronchi of medial area and associated parabronchi
88
What makes up the neupulmo
Secondary bronchi of lateral area and associated parabronchi
89
Which bronchi connect to cranial air sacs
Secondary paleopulmonic bronchi
90
Which bronchi connect to caudal air sacs
Secondary neuplumonic bronchi
91
Where does gas exchange take place
Walls of parabronchi
92
What are the expansible respiratory organs
Air sacs
93
The air sacs cause ___ of bones
Pneumatization
94
The cervical air sac is associated with what bones
Cervical vertebrae, notorium and humerus
95
The clavicular air sac is associated with what bones
Coracoid and sternum
96
The cranial thoracic air sac is associated with what bones
Sternum
97
The abdominal air sac is associated with what bones
Synsacrum and femur
98
What bones help birds fly
Pneumatic bones
99
Where air sac does fresh air travel to and which air sacs does stale air travel to
Fresh: caudal
Stale: cranial
100
Which parabronchi open air sacs and pull air in
Paelopulmonic
101
Which parabronchi close and push air out
Neupulmonic parabronchi
102
T or F: birds have a renal pelvis
False
103
True or False: birds don’t have a bladder or urethra
True
104
identify 1-4
1. Kidney
2. Testes
3. Epididymis
4. Deferent duct
105
How do testicles appear in immature non--reproducing birds
Yellowish and small
106
Where is seminal fluid produced in birds
Testes and ductus deferents
107
What is the phallus composed of
3 mucous extensions of cloaca
108
What vessels are involved in bird erection
Paracloacal lymphatic vessels
109
The female reproductive system is formed by
Ovary and oviduct
110
What side of female reproductive organs usually regress
Right
111
identify 1, 2, 7, 8, 9
1. Ovary
1a, ovarian follicles
2. Oviduct
7. Cloaca
8. Ventral ligament of oviduct
9. Right oviduct
112
True or false: birds don’t have lymph nodes
True
113
What are cecal tonsils
Lymphoid tissue at each ceca
114
What is the cloacal bursa
Lymphoid organ
