Lecture 26: Mammalian Brain Anatomy

Question 1

what structures of the brain are derived within the telecenphalon

Answer 1

cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles

Question 2

what structures of the brain are derived within the diencephalon

Answer 2

thalamus, hypothalamus, third ventricle

Question 3

what structures of the brain are derived from the mesencephalon

Answer 3

cerebral peduncles and tectum, mesencephalic aqueduct

Question 4

what structures are derived from the metencephalon

Answer 4

pons and cerebellum, fourth ventricle

Question 5

what structures are derived from the myelencephalon

Answer 5

fourth ventricle

Question 6

what is the order of anatomical brain divisions

Answer 6

telecephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelocephalon

Question 7

the forebrain contains what structures

Answer 7

cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 8

what functions does the forebrain perform

Answer 8

sensory processing, devision making, relay to/from body

Question 9

what structures are contained within the brainstem

Answer 9

midbrain, pons, cerebellum, medulla

Question 10

what functions does the brainstem perform

Answer 10

conduit of functions between spinal cord and forebrain, basic functions like breathing

Question 11

what part of the brain contains the cranial nerve nuclei

Answer 11

brainstem

Question 12

what region of the brain is the outer layer of the cerebrum that contains cell bodies of neurons

Answer 12

cortex or grey matter

Question 13

what part of the brain receives visual information

Answer 13

occipital lobe

Question 14

what part of the brain receives auditory information

Answer 14

temporal and parietal

Question 15

what area of the brain is composed of myelinated axons

Answer 15

white matter

Question 16

the ____ are the outer rings of cell bodies that communicate with other regions via large ____ which compose the white matter deep to the cortex

Answer 16

cerebral and cerebellar cortices, myelinated axons

Question 17

what is the role of the granular layer in the organization of the white matter

Answer 17

local, synapses and information flow
RECEIVE INFORMATION

Question 18

what is the role of pyramidal layers in the laminar organization of the grey matter

Answer 18

have long axons SEND INFORMATION to other areas

Question 19

primary sensory cortical areas have a large ___ layer for receiving sensory input

Answer 19

4th layer

Question 20

primary motor cortical areas have a large ____ layer for substantial output

Answer 20

5th layer

Question 21

does grey or white matter lie deep to cerebral cortex

Answer 21

white matter

Question 22

cell bodies are restricted to the ____region whereas axons____

Answer 22

cell bodies are restricted to the outermost region of the cortex in the grey matter region whereas axons travel to and form cortical regions

Question 23

what are the 3 basic types of cortical connections formed by the white matter

Answer 23

association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers

Question 24

what are association fibers

Answer 24

interconnection between white matter/axons from different areas of the cortex in THE SAME hemisphere

Question 25

what are commissural fibers

Answer 25

interconnection between white matter/axons from corresponding structures BETWEEN hemispheres

Question 26

what are projection fibers

Answer 26

corticoceptal- fibers entering the cortex corticifugal- fibers exiting cortex

Question 27

what is the corpus collosum

Answer 27

axonal tract that allows communication between lobes on right and left side

Question 28

axons that communicate between the left and right side (corpus collosum) are called

Answer 28

commissural axons

Question 29

what nuclei are responsible for relaying information to and from the cortex

Answer 29

thalamic nuclei

Question 30

thalamic axons are example of what type of projection fibers

Answer 30

cortifugal- leaving cortex to brainstem or spinal cord

Question 31

what region of the brain is responsible for regulating nervous and endocrine systems to maintain homeostasis

Answer 31

hypothalamus

Question 32

what region of the brain releases hormones via hypophysis, regulates HR, BP, body temperature, water balance, appetite, circadian rhythms, emotion

Answer 32

hypothalamus

Question 33

is hypothalamus mainly controlled by SNS or PNS

Answer 33

sympathetic

Question 34

What serves as the conduit between brain and spinal cord, where motor and sensory tracts pass through

Answer 34

brainstem

Question 35

what cranial nerves are located in the midbrain

Answer 35

CN III- oculomotor CN IV- trochlear

Question 36

what cranial nerves are located in the pons

Answer 36

CN V- trigeminal CN VI- abducens

Question 37

what cranial nerves are located in the medualla

Answer 37

CN VII--> CN XII facial, vestibulocochlear, glosspharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

Question 38

what is the order of meningeal layers most superficial to deep

Answer 38

dura mater, arachnoid space, pia mater

Question 39

what is the subarchnoid space

Answer 39

deep to arachnoid mater and superficial to the pia, surrounds brain and spinal cord with CSF

Question 40

flax cerebri

Answer 40

fold of dura between right and left hemispheres

Question 41

tentorium cerebelli

Answer 41

fold of dura and bone between cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 42

what is the function of the sinuses in the brain

Answer 42

receive venous drainage from the brain and orbit. this blood is then drained to vertebral and internal jugular vein

Question 43

what is involved in the brains immune defense

Answer 43

T cells enter meninges through channels called sinuses, brain also contains microglia

Question 44

what vessel primarily supplies blood to dura mater

Answer 44

middle meningeal artery (branch off maxillary artery) enters the cranial cavity via the oval foramen, largest blood vessel to dura and calavaria

Question 45

where is CSF produced

Answer 45

ventricles- 2 lateral, third and fourth

Question 46

what are choroid plexuses

Answer 46

vascular tufts into ventricles that release CSF an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma

Question 47

what provides buoyancy, transports nutrients, flushes away waste products and serves as a medium for the diffusion of neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter substances

Answer 47

CSF

Question 48

what is the pathway of CSF

Answer 48

choroid plexuses in ventricles--> subarchnoid space---> arachnoid granulations (back to venous system)

Question 49

how does CSF get from third to fourth ventricle

Answer 49

cerebral aqueduct

Question 50

what are subarchnoid cisterns

Answer 50

widest subarchnoid areas from which CSF can be extracted

Question 51

how does CSF drain back into venous system

Answer 51

arachnoid granulations or villi

Question 52

what two arteries supply the brain

Answer 52

internal carotid and vertebral arteries

Question 53

what are the two branches off the internal carotid artery that supply the brain

Answer 53

rostral cerebral and middle cerebral

Question 54

what are the four branches off the vertebral artery that supply the brain

Answer 54

basilar, rostral cerebellar, caudal cerebellar, and caudal cerebral

Question 55

what arteries supply the cerebral hemispheres

Answer 55

rostral and middle cerebellar

Question 56

what arteries supply the cerebral hemispheres and midbrain

Answer 56

caudal cerebral arteries

Question 57

what arteries supply the midbrain, pons, rostral cerebellum

Answer 57

rostral cerebellar arteries

Question 58

what arteries supply the caudal cerebellum

Answer 58

caudal cerebellar artery

Question 59

what arteries supply the pons

Answer 59

basilar artery