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Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 > Lecture 26: Mammalian Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 26: Mammalian Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what structures of the brain are derived within the telecenphalon

A

cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles

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2
Q

what structures of the brain are derived within the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, third ventricle

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3
Q

what structures of the brain are derived from the mesencephalon

A

cerebral peduncles and tectum, mesencephalic aqueduct

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4
Q

what structures are derived from the metencephalon

A

pons and cerebellum, fourth ventricle

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5
Q

what structures are derived from the myelencephalon

A

fourth ventricle

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6
Q

what is the order of anatomical brain divisions

A

telecephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelocephalon

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7
Q

the forebrain contains what structures

A

cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus

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8
Q

what functions does the forebrain perform

A

sensory processing, devision making, relay to/from body

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9
Q

what structures are contained within the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, cerebellum, medulla

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10
Q

what functions does the brainstem perform

A

conduit of functions between spinal cord and forebrain, basic functions like breathing

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11
Q

what part of the brain contains the cranial nerve nuclei

A

brainstem

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12
Q

what region of the brain is the outer layer of the cerebrum that contains cell bodies of neurons

A

cortex or grey matter

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13
Q

what part of the brain receives visual information

A

occipital lobe

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14
Q

what part of the brain receives auditory information

A

temporal and parietal

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15
Q

what area of the brain is composed of myelinated axons

A

white matter

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16
Q

the ____ are the outer rings of cell bodies that communicate with other regions via large ____ which compose the white matter deep to the cortex

A

cerebral and cerebellar cortices, myelinated axons

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17
Q

what is the role of the granular layer in the organization of the white matter

A

local, synapses and information flow
RECEIVE INFORMATION

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18
Q

what is the role of pyramidal layers in the laminar organization of the grey matter

A

have long axons SEND INFORMATION to other areas

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19
Q

primary sensory cortical areas have a large ___ layer for receiving sensory input

A

4th layer

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20
Q

primary motor cortical areas have a large ____ layer for substantial output

A

5th layer

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21
Q

does grey or white matter lie deep to cerebral cortex

A

white matter

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22
Q

cell bodies are restricted to the ____region whereas axons____

A

cell bodies are restricted to the outermost region of the cortex in the grey matter region whereas axons travel to and form cortical regions

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23
Q

what are the 3 basic types of cortical connections formed by the white matter

A

association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers

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24
Q

what are association fibers

A

interconnection between white matter/axons from different areas of the cortex in THE SAME hemisphere

25
Q

what are commissural fibers

A

interconnection between white matter/axons from corresponding structures BETWEEN hemispheres

26
Q

what are projection fibers

A

corticoceptal- fibers entering the cortex
corticifugal- fibers exiting cortex

27
Q

what is the corpus collosum

A

axonal tract that allows communication between lobes on right and left side

28
Q

axons that communicate between the left and right side (corpus collosum) are called

A

commissural axons

29
Q

what nuclei are responsible for relaying information to and from the cortex

A

thalamic nuclei

30
Q

thalamic axons are example of what type of projection fibers

A

cortifugal- leaving cortex to brainstem or spinal cord

31
Q

what region of the brain is responsible for regulating nervous and endocrine systems to maintain homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

32
Q

what region of the brain releases hormones via hypophysis, regulates HR, BP, body temperature, water balance, appetite, circadian rhythms, emotion

A

hypothalamus

33
Q

is hypothalamus mainly controlled by SNS or PNS

A

sympathetic

34
Q

What serves as the conduit between brain and spinal cord, where motor and sensory tracts pass through

A

brainstem

35
Q

what cranial nerves are located in the midbrain

A

CN III- oculomotor
CN IV- trochlear

36
Q

what cranial nerves are located in the pons

A

CN V- trigeminal
CN VI- abducens

37
Q

what cranial nerves are located in the medualla

A

CN VII–> CN XII
facial, vestibulocochlear, glosspharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

38
Q

what is the order of meningeal layers most superficial to deep

A

dura mater, arachnoid space, pia mater

39
Q

what is the subarchnoid space

A

deep to arachnoid mater and superficial to the pia, surrounds brain and spinal cord with CSF

40
Q

flax cerebri

A

fold of dura between right and left hemispheres

41
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

fold of dura and bone between cerebrum and cerebellum

42
Q

what is the function of the sinuses in the brain

A

receive venous drainage from the brain and orbit. this blood is then drained to vertebral and internal jugular vein

43
Q

what is involved in the brains immune defense

A

T cells enter meninges through channels called sinuses, brain also contains microglia

44
Q

what vessel primarily supplies blood to dura mater

A

middle meningeal artery (branch off maxillary artery) enters the cranial cavity via the oval foramen, largest blood vessel to dura and calavaria

45
Q

where is CSF produced

A

ventricles- 2 lateral, third and fourth

46
Q

what are choroid plexuses

A

vascular tufts into ventricles that release CSF an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma

47
Q

what provides buoyancy, transports nutrients, flushes away waste products and serves as a medium for the diffusion of neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter substances

A

CSF

48
Q

what is the pathway of CSF

A

choroid plexuses in ventricles–> subarchnoid space—> arachnoid granulations (back to venous system)

49
Q

how does CSF get from third to fourth ventricle

A

cerebral aqueduct

50
Q

what are subarchnoid cisterns

A

widest subarchnoid areas from which CSF can be extracted

51
Q

how does CSF drain back into venous system

A

arachnoid granulations or villi

52
Q

what two arteries supply the brain

A

internal carotid and vertebral arteries

53
Q

what are the two branches off the internal carotid artery that supply the brain

A

rostral cerebral and middle cerebral

54
Q

what are the four branches off the vertebral artery that supply the brain

A

basilar, rostral cerebellar, caudal cerebellar, and caudal cerebral

55
Q

what arteries supply the cerebral hemispheres

A

rostral and middle cerebellar

56
Q

what arteries supply the cerebral hemispheres and midbrain

A

caudal cerebral arteries

57
Q

what arteries supply the midbrain, pons, rostral cerebellum

A

rostral cerebellar arteries

58
Q

what arteries supply the caudal cerebellum

A

caudal cerebellar artery

59
Q

what arteries supply the pons

A

basilar artery

Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 (39 decks)

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