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Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 > Lecture 28: Ear > Flashcards

Lecture 28: Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of structures in the middle ear from most external to internal

A

Tympanic membrane—> auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)—> oval window

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2
Q

What are some functions of the ear

A

Balance, orientation and hearing

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3
Q

Balance and orientation

A

Detection of movement of the body relative to the outside world

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4
Q

Hearing

A

Detection of movement of the outside world

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5
Q

What are the three parts of the hearing and balance apparatus

A

Inner ear, middle ear, and external ear

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6
Q

What is the inner ear composed of and what is the function

A

Fluid filled space within the petrous portion of the temporal bone

Fx: hearing and balance

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7
Q

What is the middle ear composed of and what is the function

A

Air filled space within the petrous and tympanic portions of the temporal bone

Fx: hearing

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8
Q

Where does the external ear emerge from and what is it continued by

What is the function

A

Emerges from the tympanic part of the temporal bone and is continued by additional cartilaginous pieces

Fx: hearing

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9
Q

Sound waves that pass through water (ex: body of fish) don’t ___ when transferred to fluids of inner ear and therefore only require ____

A

Lose energy and therefore only require internal ear structures

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10
Q

Sound waves traveling through the air reflex off a surface much denser and the waves ____ in transfer from air to ear fluids and therefore require ___

A

Lose energy and therefore require hearing structures to amplify the weak waves

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11
Q

What structure amplifies the weak waves

A

Tympanic ear

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12
Q

What is the tympanic ear

A

Ear drum, air filled middle ear and bony connection to inner ear

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13
Q

What is the primary function of the middle ear or tympanic cavity

A

Transmit sound vibration from the lateral external ear to the more medial inner ear

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14
Q

What bone transmits vibrations from outside the head to the inner ear

A

Stapes

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15
Q

What bone has an oval-shaped footplate that fits into the oval window and causes the vibrations in the perilymph of the inner ear

A

Stapes

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16
Q

What is the incus

A

Intermediate bone between the two other bones of the ossicular chain

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17
Q

What type of joint connects the incus to stapes and incus to malleus

A

Synovial joint

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18
Q

What is the malleus

A

Body of the malleus is fixed to the tympanic membrane so that the vibrations of the membrane are passed along the ossicular chain

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19
Q

What are the two skeletal muscles within the middle ear that are associated with the ossicles

A

Tensor tympani and stapedius

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20
Q

Where does the tensor tympani originate and insert

A

Comes from the anterior wall of the middle ear and inserts onto the body of the malleus

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21
Q

What nerve innervates the tensor tympani

A

Mandibular nerve CN V3

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22
Q

Where does the stapedius originate and insert

A

Comes from the posterior wall of the middle ear and inserts onto the head of the stapes

23
Q

What nerve innervates the stapedius

A

Facial nerve- CN VII

24
Q

What is the function of the tensor tympani and the stapedius

A

Act to clarify hearing and protect from excessively loud noises

25
Q

What nerve does the mucosa lining in the middle ear, including the inner surface of the tympanic membrane send its sensory input on

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

26
Q

What nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetics from the glossopharyngeal nerve through the middle ear cavity to the otic ganglion

A

Minor petrosal nerve

27
Q

What nerve travels through the internal acoustic meatus to the sytlomastoid foramen and runs through the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity

A

Facial nerve CN VII

28
Q

What are the two branches off the facial nerve that run through or in the wall of the cavity

A

Major petrosal nerve and chorda tympani

29
Q

What nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic axons from CN VII to the pterygopalatine ganglion

A

Major petrosal nerve

30
Q

What branch of CN VII carries both preganglionic sympathetic input to the Mandibular and sublingual ganglia and taste from the rostral portion of the tongue

A

Chorda tympani

31
Q

What nerve crosses the tympanic membrane to get on the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fosssa and then its axons hitchhike to the oral cavity on the lingual

A

Chorda tympani

32
Q

For most efficient function of tympanic membrane what must the air pressure in the middle ear be in relation to the outside pressure

A

The air pressure in the middle ear cavity must match the outside pressure

33
Q

What connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

A

Auditory tube

34
Q

How does the auditory tube maintain pressure

A

Tube is typically pressed closed and must be activity opened to equalize air pressure

35
Q

What two muscles are involved in opening the auditory tube

A

Tensor veli palatine and levator veli palatine

36
Q

Otitis media

A

Infection of the middle ear cavity/build up of infectious fluid in the tympanic cavity

37
Q

How can otitis media damage hearing

A

Negatively impact the sensitivity of hearing by dampening the vibrations of the tympanic membrane as well as possibly lesion it any nerves that pass through

38
Q

What structure might be sensitive upon palpation in animals with otitis media

A

Tympanic bulla

39
Q

How can infections of the tympanic bulla/otitis media be drained

A

Surgically open the tympanic bulla rostromedially into the nasopharynx

40
Q

What is the function of the auricle (pinna)

A

Serves to funnel and focus sound into the external auditory canal

Highly mobile auricles help with detection of directionality of sound

41
Q

Describe the anatomical position of erect, alert auricles

A

Concave, lightly haired surface is rostral

Convex, furred surface is caudal

42
Q

What are some additional functions of the ear beyond hearing, balance, and orientation

A

Thermoregulation, communication and improved olfactory efficiency

43
Q

What two canals lead from the auricle to the tympanic membrane

A

Vertical canal—> horizontal canal

44
Q

What is the ceruminous gland

A

Earwax gland that helps keep the casual clean and free of particles that might interfere with the sensitivity of the tympanic membrane

45
Q

What is the suctiform cartilage

A

Smaller isolated cartilage, associated with the musculature of the external ear

46
Q

What is the function of the extensive auricle musculature

A

Provide fine control of the position and attitude of the auricle, important in facial expression

47
Q

What artery branches off the superficial temporal artery and supplies some of the rostral concave surface of the external ear

A

Rostral auricular

48
Q

What artery branches off the external carotid artery and has four large branches-medial, lateral, intermediate, and deep that supply the auricle cartilage and rostral surface of external ear

A

Caudal articular artery

49
Q

What happens to the skin and cartilage of the ear when an aural hematoma forms

A

Blood pools and separates the skin from the underlying cartilage

50
Q

What carries sensory innervation from the caudal surface of the auricle

A

Ventral and dorsal rami of C2

51
Q

What nerve comes off the ventral rami of C2 to provide sensory innervation to the lateral side of the caudal external ear

A

Great auricular nerve

52
Q

What nerve comes off of the dorsal rami of C2 to supply the medial side of the caudal external ear

A

Great (major) occipital nerve

53
Q

What nerve carries sensory innervation on the rostral, medial part of the external ear

A

Auriculotemporal nerve- division of CN V3

54
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the petrous portion of the temporal bone

A

Vagus CN X

Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 (39 decks)

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