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Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 > Lecture 6: Anatomy of Leg and Tarsus > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Anatomy of Leg and Tarsus Flashcards

1
Q

What two structures is the leg in between

A

Stifle and hock

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2
Q

How is movement of the leg achieved

A

Via muscles that move the stifle joint

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3
Q

What are the three tiers of hock and tarsus

A

Proximal, middle, and distal

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4
Q

What is in the proximal tier

A

Talus/astragalus (medial) and calcaneus (lateral)

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5
Q

What is in the middle tier

A

Central tarsal bone

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6
Q

What is in the distal tier

A

Tarsals 1-4 number medial-lateral
4th tarsal intrudes into middle tier

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7
Q

What is the equine variation in the distal tier

A

1+2 tarsals fuse

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8
Q

What is the bovine variation in the distal tier

A

2+3 tarsals fuse and central bone and 4 tarsal fuse

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9
Q

Describe the layout of the Carnivora hock and tarsus tiers

A

Tibia and fibula articulate with talus and calcaneous

Talus articulates with the central bone and calcaneous with the 4th tarsal

None of the tarsals are fused and they articulate with metatarsals

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10
Q

Describe the layout of the equine hock and tarsus tiers

A

Tibia and fibula articulate with talus and calcaneus

Talus articulates with the central bone and the calcaneus articulates with the 4th metatarsal
The 1st and 2nd metatarsal are fused
tarsals fuse with metatarsals (mainly 3)

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11
Q

Describe the layout of the bovine hock and tarsus tiers

A

The tibia and fibula articulate with talus and calcaneus.

The talus and calcaneus articulate with the fused central bone and 4th metatarsal which fuse to the metatarsals

Metatarsals 2 and 3 are fused

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12
Q

Trochlea of talus

A

Proximal surface, articulates with tibia and fibia

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13
Q

Head of talus

A

Distal articulate surface articulates with central tarsal

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14
Q

Sustentaculum tali

A

Supports plantar surface of talus (in between talus and calcaneus), supports tendon of flexor digitorium superficialis

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15
Q

Tuber calcanei

A

Proximal end of calcaneus, attachment for calcaneal tendon. Level for movement at hock

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16
Q

Head of calcaneus

A

Articulates with fourth tarsal

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17
Q

Base of metatarsals

A

Articulates with tarsals

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18
Q

Body of metatarsals

A

Middle of metatarsal

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19
Q

Head of metatarsal

A

Articulates with phalange

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20
Q

How is the proximal trochlea surface of talus in the dog shaped

A

Shaped to fit tibia and fibula

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21
Q

How is the head of talus in dog shaped

A

Articulates with central bone and is rounded to permit mid foot rotation- for grasping things

22
Q

How is the trochlea of talus in the horse shaped

A

Conforms with cochlea of tibia providing extension and flexion at talo-crural joint

23
Q

Describe the Talar head in the horse

A

Very small and flattened providing greater stability at talar-central articulation

24
Q

What is the function of the obliquity of joint surfaces at talo-crural joint in horse

A

Causes distal limb to be carried laterally when flexion occurs at hock

25
Q

In most mammals what does the talar head articulate with

A

Central bone

26
Q

What happens to talar head in artiodactyl’s

A

Talar head expands to articulate with central and 4th tarsal

27
Q

What are the 4 levels of articulation at the hock

A

Tarso-crural joint
Proximal intertarsal joint
Distal intertarsal joint
Tarsometatarsal joint

28
Q

In most species where does almost all movement occur in the hock

A

Talocrural joint

29
Q

What are the main ligaments of the hock

A

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments and the long plantar ligaments

30
Q

What are the medial and lateral collateral ligaments

A

Extend from the tibia and tibia to base of metatarsus. Each have a long superficial part that ends full length of ligament and then a short deeper part that is restricted to proximal level of articulation

31
Q

What is the long plantar ligament

A

Extends from plantar surface of calcaneus over 4th tarsal bone to metatarsus

32
Q

What is the role of the smaller ligaments in the hock

A

Hold tarsal bones together and maintain integrity of peas

33
Q

What are the three synovial compartments of the hock

A

Tarsocrural and proximal intertarsal joints

Distal intertarsal joint

Tarsometatarsal joints

34
Q

What are the 4 components of the tarsocrural and proximal intertarsal joints

A
  1. Lateraldorsal pouch
  2. Mediodorsal pouch
  3. Medial plantar pouch
  4. Lateral plantar pouch

Weaker parts of joint where swelling may occur due to over-distension

35
Q

What muscles make up the caudal compartment of the leg

A

Gastrocnemius
Flexor digitorium superficialis
Flexor digitorium profundus (lateralis, medialis, and caudal is)
Popliteus

36
Q

What artery supplies the caudal compartment of the leg

A

Saphenous

37
Q

What nerve innervates the caudal compartment of the leg

A

Tibial

38
Q

What is the main action of the caudal compartment of the leg

A

Extension of tarsus and flexion of digits

39
Q

What two muscles make up the common calcaneal tendon

A

Superficial flexor and gastrocnemius

40
Q

Politeus OINA

A

O: caudal aspect of the articular surface of the lateral condyles of the femur
I: medial border of the tibia and its proximal third
N: tibial
A: medial rotation of the tibia relative to the femur during flexion or swing phase locomotion

41
Q

What are the muscles in the craniolateral compartment of the leg

A

Tibialis cranialis
Extensor digitorium Longus
Peroenus longus
Peroneus brevis
Peroneus tertius

42
Q

What artery supplies the craniolateral compartment

A

Cranial tibial artery

43
Q

What nerve innervates the craniolateral compartment

A

Fibular(peroneal)

44
Q

What is the main function of the craniolateral compartment

A

Flexion of tarsus, extension of digits

45
Q

Peroneus tertius OINA

A

O: extensor fossa with extensor digitorium longus
I: bifurcates at hock
- lateral branch: calcaneus and 4th tarsal
- dorsal branch- proximal part of 3rd tarsal and 3rd metatarsal
N: fibular nerve
A: connects the actions of the stifle and hock so they extend simultaneously

46
Q

What two nerves innervate the leg and tarsus

A

Tibial and fibular nerves that branched off sciatic

47
Q

Describe the pathway of the tibial nerve

A

Enters the leg between heads of gastrocnemius then gives off caudal aural branch as well as innervating caudal leg muscles. The nerve enters between the tarsus and common calcaneal tendon and caudal crural muscles then splits into medial and lateral plantar nerves that innervate the pes

48
Q

Describe the pathway of the fibular nerve

A

Enters the leg lateral to gastrocnemius then gives of lateral sural cutaneous branch as well as innervating the craniolateral muscles. The nerve continues into the dorsum of the pes

49
Q

Describe the blood supply of hindlimb for dog and cat

A

External iliac gives off femoral artery, the deep femoral artery and saphenous branch off femoral artery

The saphenous has a cranial and caudal branch

Cranial branch of saphenous gives off dorsal metatarsal artery and the caudal branch gives off medial and lateral plantar and metatarsal arteries

Further distally past the femoral artery is the popliteal artery which will give off the popliteal artery and dorsal pedal artery

50
Q

Describe the main arteries of the horse hindlimb

A

External iliac to the femoral artery which gives off the deep femoral artery and the saphenous

The saphenous will for a loop and anastomose with the caudal tibial. The saphenous also gives off the medial and lateral plantar and metatarsal arteries as well as the medial and lateral digital arteries

Further distal of femur is the popliteal artery which gives off the caudal tibial artery which anastomose with saphenous. It also gives off the cranial tibial artery.

51
Q

Where does Lateral saphenous vein drain

A

Popliteal vein

52
Q

Where does medial saphenous vein drain

A

Femoral vein

Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 (39 decks)

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