Lecture 32: Nasal Sinus and Palate II Flashcards
Most mammals have paranasal sinuses that open into one or more of the following:
Maxilla, frontal and sphenoid
In dogs and cats which paranasal sinus is the largest
Frontal- often subdivided into lateral, medial and rostral portions
Ethmoturbinates invade which sinus
Frontal
What is the maxillary recess
Small opening in nasal cavity where maxillary sinus sits
Where is the sphenoid sinus located
Small space within the presphenoid bone
In most non-carnivoran domestic animals the paranasal sinuses are greatly enlarged to the point where they invade what bones
Palatine, lacrimal and nasal conchae
What sinus is present in cow horns
Frontal
What are some potential purposes of paranasal sinuses
Protective, Thermoregulation, making head lighter
The dorsal extent of frontal sinus in cattle and pigs covers and to some extent protects the ___
Braincase
What needs to be taken into account during humane slaughter of pigs and cows with bolt or bullet to the brain
Must make sure shot is through the thinnest part of the sinus for the most humane effect
Why can the location and proximity of maxillary sinus to maxillary teeth in horses be problematic
Roots of the molars and premolars can protrude into the sinus which can result in transfer of infection between oral cavity/teeth and the nasal cavity, tooth root abscesses
What two structures divide the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
Hard palate and soft palate
What bones make up the hard palate
Incisive bone, maxilla, palatine
What foramen make up the hard palate
Major palatine foramen, minor palatine foramen
What is the rugae of the palate
Transverse ridges in the mucosa typically with a slight caudal angulation that helps direct food caudally in the oral cavity
What is the incisive papilla
Raised bump directly caudal to central incisors
In animals where the incisive duct connects to the oral cavity the openings will be on either side of the papilla
What structure is located at the rostral end of the palate in cattle
Dental pad- extra thick and touch mucosa that serves in place of upper incisors
The dental pad although good for sheering grass what is a common complication
Hardware disease because they are unable to differentiate between grass and wire due to highly keratinized dental pad
The ___ is composed of a broad aponeurosis covered dorsally with nasal mucosa and ventral with oral mucosa
Soft palate
What does the flexibility of the soft palate provide control over
Separation between digestive pathway and respiratory pathway
What is the palatinus muscle
Runs longitudinally through the ventral aspect of the sport palate, shortens and curdles the palate
OINA for Levator veli palatini
O: muscular process of the temporal bone
I: dorsal surface of the soft palate
N: Vagus
A: elevate the soft palate
OINA for tensor veli palatini
O: muscular process of the temporal bone
I: lateral edge of the soft palate after wrapping around the pterygoid halamus
N: mandibular nerve (CN v3)
A: tense the soft palate
What two muscles connect the soft palate to other muscular structures
Palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus
Which muscle is from the lateral aspect of the palate to the tongue
Pataloglossus
Which muscle is from the caudolateral aspect of the palate to the pharyngeal wall and connects
Palatopharyngeus
What nerve innervates the palatoglossus and the palatopharyngeus
Vagus CN X
When viewed in combination the muscles of the soft palate (palatoglossus) form what
Palatoglossal arch
What structure is found on the lateral wall of the oropharynx between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds
Palatine tonsil
What is the palatine tonsil
Mass of lymphoid tissue near the confluence of the oral and respiratory pathway
What does the descending palatine artery branch off of
Maxillary- terminal branch off its rostral end
What artery enters the caudal palatine foramen and passes through the palatine canal to reach the hard palate
Major palatine artery
What artery passes caudal to the margin of the hard palate to reach the soft palate
Minor palatine artery
What two branches does the descending pharyngeal give off
Major palatine artery and sphenopalatine artery
What two branches does the major palatine artery give off
Rostral and caudal branch
What branch of the major palatine artery exit the major palatine foramen, run through the palatine groove to palatine fissure where it gives off a branch to the nasal cavity
Rostral branch
What branch of the major palatine artery exits the minor palatine foramen and forms an anastomosis between the major and minor palatine arteries
Caudal branch
Branches of what cranial nerve parallel the arteries and carry sensation from and provide postganglionic PNS to palatine mucosa
Maxillary nerve CN V2
What are the three nerves that branch of maxillary nerve to supply palate
Major palatine, accessory palatine and minor palatine nerve
What nerve runs with the rostral branch of major palatine artery to supply nasal cavity
Major palatine nerve
What nerve runs with caudal branch of major palatine artery
Accessory palatine nerve
What respiratory areas are affected in brachiocephalic breeds
Stenotic areas, obstructed nasal cavity, elongated soft palate, hypoplastic trachea
Respiratory problems in brachiocephalic breeds can lead to problems with air pressure which can cause ____ or _____
Secondary tracheal or laryngeal collapse
In horses what are the to structures that help isolate the respiratory and digestive pathways
- Especially long soft palate that hangs rostral and ventral to epiglottis
- Palatopharyngeus muscles form a sphincter around the protruding laryngeal opening to divide the space
