Lecture 3- Mammalian Joint Morphology

Question 1

What makes up the axial division

Answer 1

Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

Question 2

What makes up the appendicular region

Answer 2

Limbs

Question 3

What are joints

Answer 3

Articulations that either firmly unite bones or allow specific movements between bones

Question 4

What components make up joint capsule

Answer 4

Synovial membrane and fibrous membrane

Question 5

What does synovial fluid occupy

Answer 5

Synovial joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths

Question 6

What is the composition of synovial fluid

Answer 6

Transduate of blood plasma, has viscoelastic properties

Question 7

What is the purpose of synovial fluid

Answer 7

To allow articular cartilages to glide across each other

Question 8

What is the function of articular cartilage

Answer 8

Absorb stress

Question 9

Describe a simple joint

Answer 9

1 on 1 bone with a single joint capsule

Question 10

Compound joint capsule

Answer 10

1 on 2 bones (ex: humerus to ulna and radius), multiple articular surfaces but 1 joint capsule

Question 11

Complex joint capsule

Answer 11

1 on 1 bone with separate joint capsules ex: phalanges

Question 12

What are the components of a syndemois joint (ex: pelvis)

Answer 12

Interosseous component- lots of collagen to absorb elastic strain- restricts movement
Some synovial fluid to allow minimal movement

Question 13

Ruffini;s endings

Answer 13

Respond to stretch and register speed and direction of movement

Question 14

Golgi tendon organs

Answer 14

Mediate position sense, muscle tension

Question 15

Simple endings

Answer 15

Numerous at attachments of capsules and ligaments and are thought to be the terminals of unmyelinated and thinly myelinated nociceptive axons

Question 16

Free nerve endings

Answer 16

Pain

Question 17

Cylindrical end bulb

Answer 17

Cold/flutter

Question 18

pacinian

Answer 18

Rapid/deep vibration

Question 19

Merkel disks

Answer 19

Sustained pressure

Question 20

Muscle spindle

Answer 20

Muscle length and velocity (flexion and extension)

Question 21

Hair follicle

Answer 21

Directional movement

Question 22

Muscle agonists

Answer 22

Contracting muscle needed to generate movement

Question 23

Muscle antagonists

Answer 23

Muscle which relaxes during contraction of agonist muscle, will fire to slow down limb segment in order to complete a movement

Question 24

How are forces from skeletal muscle transferred to bone

Answer 24

Via tendons

Question 25

What prevents excessive separation of bones/movements

Answer 25

Ligaments

Question 26

What is the coxofemoral joint made of

Answer 26

Synovial joint incorporating femoral head and acetabulum

Question 27

What connects the femur to the acetabulum

Answer 27

Ligament of femoral head which is a continuation of the transverse acetabular ligament

Question 28

What does the ligament of femoral head and transverse acetabular ligament prevent

Answer 28

Dislocation

Question 29

What leads to hip dyplasia

Answer 29

Abnormal development of coxofemoral joint- muscle mass does not increase rapidly enough to account for rapid bone growth

Question 30

What are the characteristics of hip dyplasia

Answer 30

Joint laxity, instability, leads to degenerative changes- acetabular bone sclerosis, osteophytosis, thickened femoral neck, joint capsule fibrosis, luxation