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Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 > Lecture 21: Eye and Orbit I > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Eye and Orbit I Flashcards

1
Q

what is the vascular tunic

A

2nd/middle layer composed of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris

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1
Q

what is the fibrous tunic

A

scleral- outermost layer
cornea

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2
Q

what are the layers of the cornea in histology superficial to deep

A

epithelium- stratified squamous
Bowman’s membrane
collagen fibers
descement’s acellular
epithelium- squamous-columnar

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3
Q

what are the layers of the sclera in histology superficial to deep

A

conjunctival epithelium- stratified squamous
episclera
stroma- thick collagen
suprachoroid lamina with melanocytes

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4
Q

what muscle does the anterior layer of the iris contain and what does it do

A

constrictor pupillae, constricts the pupil

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5
Q

is the constrictor pupillae controlled by PNS or SNS

A

parasympathetics

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6
Q

what is the ciliary body

A

contains the ciliary muscle and changes lens shape for accommodation/focus

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7
Q

is the ciliary body controlled by PNS or SNS

A

parasympathetics

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8
Q

what layer of the eye contains blood vessels

A

choroid

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9
Q

what layer in eye can the retina be seen histologically

A

choroidal layer

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10
Q

what components make up the neural tunic

A

ora serrata, optic retina and posterior layer of the iris that contains the dilator pupillae muscle

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11
Q

what is the junction between the retina and ciliary body

A

ora serrata

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12
Q

what muscle lays in the posterior layer of the iris that dilates the pupil

A

dilator pupillae muscle

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13
Q

is the dilator pupillae muscle controlled by SNS or PNS

A

sympathetics

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14
Q

what is the canal of schlemn

A

drains approximately 2-3 microliters of aqueous humor per minute aqueous humor from the anterior chamber to the venous system

located on/in ciliary body

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15
Q

what is the prelental region of the eye and what fluid is filled there

A

anterior and posterior chambers, filled with aqueous humor

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16
Q

what is the retrolental region of the eye and what fluid is filled there

A

behind the lens, filled with vitreous fluid

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17
Q

what is the pathway of light

A

cornea–> aqueous humor–> iris—> lens–> vitreous humor–> retina

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18
Q

what structure makes up the majority of the neural tunic

A

retina

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19
Q

what structure contains photosensitive rods and cones

A

retina

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20
Q

what is the plexiform layer

A

synaptic connections between rods and cones to retinal ganglion neurons

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21
Q

what is the nuclear layer

A

contains neuronal cell bodies of rods and cones

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22
Q

what is the ganglion cell layer

A

axons leave the eye as the optic nerve

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23
Q

what photoreceptor cell type has vision in light of low intensity and is predominate throughout the retina

A

rods

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24
Q

what photoreceptor cell type has visual acuity and color vision

A

cones

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25
Q

what are the two types of cones are present

A

short and medium wavelength

26
Q

what are the two color sensitivities in carnivores and artiodactyls

A

blue and green

27
Q

feline vs human cones for color vision

A

humans- 3 cones at higher density and provides higher acuity

cats- 2 cones at much lower density provides higher sensitivity

28
Q

feline vs human rods for color vision

A

humans- rods provide spatial detail but darker image

feline- rods at higher density provides higher sensitivity or brighter image

29
Q

what is the tapetum lucidum

A

functions as reflector which directs photons back through retina. provides additional chance for photoreceptors to capture these photons

30
Q

optic disk

A

location of exit for retinal ganglion cell axon

31
Q

optic nerve

A

formed from bundles of axons from retinal ganglion cells, surrounded by meninges and CSF in the subarchanoid space

32
Q

what is the result of increased intracranial pressure on the optic nerve

A

prevents normal blood flow through central retinal vessels

clinical sign: papilledema or choked disk

33
Q

what keeps the lens capsule under tension

A

zonula fibers

34
Q

where do zonula fibers attach

A

ciliary body

35
Q

how does the lens change shape

A

change in tension of the suspensory ligaments

36
Q

what structure is located rostral to the zonula fibers

37
Q

what kind of lens focuses on near objects

A

round lens

38
Q

what kind of lens focuses on distant objects

A

flattened lens

39
Q

constriction and relaxation of what muscle affects lens shape for changing focus

A

ciliary muscle

40
Q

describe the role of the ciliary muscle, zonula fibers and lens shape to see distant objects

A

ciliary muscle is relaxed, zonula fibers under tension, and lens is flattened/stretched thin to see distant objects

41
Q

describe the role of the ciliary muscles, zonula fibers and lens shape to see near objects

A

ciliary muscle is stimulated by parasympathetic innervation, causing muscle to contract, zonula fibers are relaxed, and in the absence of the tension from zonula fibers the lens becomes more circular to refract light for near objects

42
Q

what bony components form the wall of the orbit

A

frontal, lacrimal, zygomatic and palatine

43
Q

the lateral wall of the orbit is formed by what muscle

A

temporalis muscle

44
Q

what is the postorbital ligament

A

forms later portion of the orbit
connects to frontal and zygomatic bones

45
Q

tarsal (Meibomian) glands

A

modified sebaceous glands that secrete an oily substance that acts to increase the viscosity of tears and decreases tear evaporation from the surface of the eye

46
Q

chalazion

A

inflammation/blockage of meibomian glands

47
Q

what kind of tumor disrupts normal irrigation of the cornea

A

meibomian gland tumors

48
Q

bulbar + palpebral conjunctiva=?

A

conjunctival sac- when eyes are closedw

49
Q

palpebral conjunctiva

A

when eyes are open create superior and inferior fornices

50
Q

what cell type is conjunctiva of eye

A

non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells

51
Q

primary infectious conjunctivitis can be caused by

A

bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, fungi and parasites

52
Q

what structures anchor the eyelids and are the meeting points for upper and lower eyelids

A

lateral and medial palpebral canthi and commissures

53
Q

nicitating membrane/third eyelid

A

deep to the upper and low eyelids, drawn across the cornea and sclera, thought to provide both protective and moistening functions

54
Q

what muscle closes the eyelids

A

orbicularis oculi

55
Q

what cranial nerve innervates orbicularis oculi

A

CN VII- facial

56
Q

what muscle elevates the eyelids

A

levator palpebrae superiosis

57
Q

what cranial nerve innervates levator palpebrae superiosis

A

CN III- oculomotor

58
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

controls tear production and drainage

59
Q

what secretes tears

A

lacrimal gland

60
Q

that lacrimal gland is under what kind of control

61
Q

what cell produces the glycoprotein component of tear film

A

goblet cells of the conjunctivae

62
Q

tear summary: what gland produces tears, how do tarsal glands play a role and goblet cells

A

lacrimal glands secrete tears
tarsal glands secrete oily substance that increases viscosity of tears and decreases its evaporation and goblet cells secrete the glycoprotein component of tear film

Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 (39 decks)

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