Lecture 17: Neck 1

Question 1

___ is an outgrowth of cervical body segments

Answer 1

pectoral limb

Question 2

what is the thoracic inlet

Answer 2

space bounded by 1st ribs, sternum, and T1 vertebrae

primary passageway for structures between neck and thorax

Question 3

where does the vertebral column and axial musculature attach

Answer 3

occipital bone

Question 4

how many cervical vertebrae do most mammals have

Answer 4

7

Question 5

what is the hyoid apparatus

Answer 5

series of bones running from the temporal bones of the skull into the neck and supporting the tongue, pharynx and larynx

Question 6

what are the laryngeal cartilages

Answer 6

set of cartilages at cranial end of airway

Question 7

what are the main physical characteristics of the atlas

Answer 7

C1 vertebrae that has articular facets for occipital bone

large transverse processes- “wings” or “alar processes”

Question 8

what are the palpable regions of C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)

Answer 8

wing of atlas and spine of axis

Question 9

in what animals are you unable to palpate the spine of the axis and why

Answer 9

horses and ruminants due to presence of ligamentum nuchae and fatty crest in horses

Question 10

Cresty Neck Scores

Answer 10

size and shape of fatty crest in equines can be used as a reliable substitute for general body composition or indicator of metabolic health issues

Question 11

what bones make up the hyoid apparatus

Answer 11

stylohyoid, basihyoid, Thyrohyoid

Question 12

where does the stylohyoid bone articulate and how

Answer 12

articulates to the temporal bone via the tympanohyoid cartilage

Question 13

what is the basihyoid

Answer 13

unpaired bone anchored in musculature of the base of the tongue

Question 14

what is the lingual process

Answer 14

present in horse and cattle
help support the weight of the tongue

Question 15

where does the thyrohyoid bone attach

Answer 15

articulates with the thyroid cartilage

Question 16

what are the epaxial muscles of the head and neck

Answer 16

spinalis, semispinalis, longissimus and splenius

Question 17

OINA for splenius

Answer 17

O: T1-T3 and cervical midline raphe
I: nuchal crest and mastoid
N: dorsal rami
A: Extend head and neck, some lateral bending of cervical region

Question 18

what are the hypaxial muscles of the neck

Answer 18

longus coli, longus capitus, and scalenus

Question 19

where does longus coli run

Answer 19

along the cranial thoracic vertebral bodies and cervical vertebral bodies and transverse processes

Question 20

where does longus capitis run

Answer 20

lateral to longus coli from the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae to the ventral part of the skull

Question 21

where does the scalenus group run

Answer 21

caudal cervical vertebrae to cranial ribs

Question 22

what are the several capitis muscles specific to fine control of atlantoaxial and atlantooccipital joint

Answer 22

4 rectus muscles
1. rectus capitis dorsalis major
2. rectus capitis dorsalis minor
3. rectus capitis lateralis
4. rectus capitis ventralis

2 oblique muscles
1. obliquus capitis cranialis
2. obliquus capitis caudalis

Question 23

what is contained within the carotid sheath

Answer 23

common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagosympathetic trunk

Question 24

what is the pretracheal fascia

Answer 24

muscles and fascia of the ventral neck

Question 25

what is the prevertebral fascia

Answer 25

all muscles associated with the ventral neck

Question 26

as the ventral vertebral muscles pass into the thorax the prevertebral fascia blends with ____

why could this be problematic

Answer 26

endothoracic fascia

possible route of infection straight into thorax

ex: pericarditis

Question 27

what are the two primary cutaneous muscles that cover the neck

Answer 27

cutaneous coli
platysma

Question 28

cutaneous coli (dogs and cats)

Answer 28

cervical portion of general cutaneous muscle, not well developed in dogs and cats

Question 29

platysma

Answer 29

a muscle of facial expression that originates in the neck and then passes cranially to reach the head

Question 30

cutaneous coli in ungulates

Answer 30

well developed near manubrium, forms a thick cover over the caudal part of the jugular groove

Question 31

what are the four limb muscles that contribute substantially to the neck

Answer 31

trapezius cervicis, omotransversarius, brachiocephalicus (cleidocervicalis and cleidomastoideus)

Question 32

what muscle is the most ventral of the neck muscles (non-cutaneous)

Answer 32

sternocephalicus

Question 33

Sternocephalicus OINA

Answer 33

O: first sternebra (manubrium)
I: mastoid ans nuchal crest
N: accessory nerve (CN XI)
A: lateral flexion of neck (unilateral) and ventral flexion of the neck (bilateral)

Question 34

is horses where does the sternocephalicus insert and therefore play a role in

Answer 34

inserts on the jaw and is thought to play a role in opening the jaww

Question 35

what muscles control the position of the hyoid

Answer 35

caudal and cranial muscle groups of the ventral neck

Question 36

what is the cranial group of the ventral neck muscles that support the hyoid

Answer 36

muscles of the oral cavity, tongue, and pharynx

Question 37

what muscles are in the caudal group of the ventral neck muscles that support the hyoid

Answer 37

sternohyoideus, omohyoideus (not found in cats and dogs), sternothyroideus, and thyrohyoideus

Question 38

where is the omohyoideus located in the horses

Answer 38

lateral to sternohyoideus