Lecture 17: Neck 1 Flashcards
___ is an outgrowth of cervical body segments
pectoral limb
what is the thoracic inlet
space bounded by 1st ribs, sternum, and T1 vertebrae
primary passageway for structures between neck and thorax
where does the vertebral column and axial musculature attach
occipital bone
how many cervical vertebrae do most mammals have
7
what is the hyoid apparatus
series of bones running from the temporal bones of the skull into the neck and supporting the tongue, pharynx and larynx
what are the laryngeal cartilages
set of cartilages at cranial end of airway
what are the main physical characteristics of the atlas
C1 vertebrae that has articular facets for occipital bone
large transverse processes- “wings” or “alar processes”
what are the palpable regions of C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)
wing of atlas and spine of axis
in what animals are you unable to palpate the spine of the axis and why
horses and ruminants due to presence of ligamentum nuchae and fatty crest in horses
Cresty Neck Scores
size and shape of fatty crest in equines can be used as a reliable substitute for general body composition or indicator of metabolic health issues
what bones make up the hyoid apparatus
stylohyoid, basihyoid, Thyrohyoid
where does the stylohyoid bone articulate and how
articulates to the temporal bone via the tympanohyoid cartilage
what is the basihyoid
unpaired bone anchored in musculature of the base of the tongue
what is the lingual process
present in horse and cattle
help support the weight of the tongue
where does the thyrohyoid bone attach
articulates with the thyroid cartilage
what are the epaxial muscles of the head and neck
spinalis, semispinalis, longissimus and splenius
OINA for splenius
O: T1-T3 and cervical midline raphe
I: nuchal crest and mastoid
N: dorsal rami
A: Extend head and neck, some lateral bending of cervical region
what are the hypaxial muscles of the neck
longus coli, longus capitus, and scalenus
where does longus coli run
along the cranial thoracic vertebral bodies and cervical vertebral bodies and transverse processes
where does longus capitis run
lateral to longus coli from the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae to the ventral part of the skull
where does the scalenus group run
caudal cervical vertebrae to cranial ribs
what are the several capitis muscles specific to fine control of atlantoaxial and atlantooccipital joint
4 rectus muscles
1. rectus capitis dorsalis major
2. rectus capitis dorsalis minor
3. rectus capitis lateralis
4. rectus capitis ventralis
2 oblique muscles
1. obliquus capitis cranialis
2. obliquus capitis caudalis
what is contained within the carotid sheath
common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagosympathetic trunk
what is the pretracheal fascia
muscles and fascia of the ventral neck
what is the prevertebral fascia
all muscles associated with the ventral neck
as the ventral vertebral muscles pass into the thorax the prevertebral fascia blends with ____
why could this be problematic
endothoracic fascia
possible route of infection straight into thorax
ex: pericarditis
what are the two primary cutaneous muscles that cover the neck
cutaneous coli
platysma
cutaneous coli (dogs and cats)
cervical portion of general cutaneous muscle, not well developed in dogs and cats
platysma
a muscle of facial expression that originates in the neck and then passes cranially to reach the head
cutaneous coli in ungulates
well developed near manubrium, forms a thick cover over the caudal part of the jugular groove
what are the four limb muscles that contribute substantially to the neck
trapezius cervicis, omotransversarius, brachiocephalicus (cleidocervicalis and cleidomastoideus)
what muscle is the most ventral of the neck muscles (non-cutaneous)
sternocephalicus
Sternocephalicus OINA
O: first sternebra (manubrium)
I: mastoid ans nuchal crest
N: accessory nerve (CN XI)
A: lateral flexion of neck (unilateral) and ventral flexion of the neck (bilateral)
is horses where does the sternocephalicus insert and therefore play a role in
inserts on the jaw and is thought to play a role in opening the jaww
what muscles control the position of the hyoid
caudal and cranial muscle groups of the ventral neck
what is the cranial group of the ventral neck muscles that support the hyoid
muscles of the oral cavity, tongue, and pharynx
what muscles are in the caudal group of the ventral neck muscles that support the hyoid
sternohyoideus, omohyoideus (not found in cats and dogs), sternothyroideus, and thyrohyoideus
where is the omohyoideus located in the horses
lateral to sternohyoideus
