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Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 > Lecture 9- Comparative histology of the hoof > Flashcards

Lecture 9- Comparative histology of the hoof Flashcards

1
Q

Hoof

A

Cornfield covering of the distal end of the digit of ungulates, modification of skin, true organ

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2
Q

Perissodactyl hoof

A

Odd toed Ex: horse

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3
Q

Artiodactyl

A

Even toed, ex: cow

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4
Q

Claw and nails

A

Partial cornifications that enclose part of the 3rd phalanx, skin appendage

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5
Q

What layers make up the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basal

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6
Q

What does the epidermis comprise in the hoof

A

Hoof capsule

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7
Q

What is the dermis made of

A

Papillary and reticular regions

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8
Q

What does the dermis make up in the hoof

A

Corium

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9
Q

What is the hoof capsule

A

Epidermis, germinative, proliferative, and keratinized layers

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10
Q

What is the corium

A

Dermis, innervated and vascularized layer

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11
Q

What cells do the stratum basale have

A

Stem cells

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12
Q

What cells does the stratum spinosum have

A

Proliferative cells

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13
Q

What cells does the stratum granulosum make

A

Partially keratinized cells

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14
Q

What cells does the stratum core num make

A

Fully keratinized cells

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15
Q

Periople

A

Zone of transition from the skin to the hoof

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16
Q

Where are the periploic and coronary grooves

A

Run at the proximal border of the wall

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17
Q

What constitutes the solar surface of a horse hoof

A

Sole and frog

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18
Q

What does the frog look like

A

Triangular and irregular region

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19
Q

Corium is continuous with ____

A

Dermis of limb skin, single layer with different zones

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20
Q

What are the three corium at the wall

A

Periploic, coronary, laminar

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21
Q

Hoof wall and order from outer to inner

A

Made of different strata
Outer to inner:
Stratum externum, outer stratum medium, inner stratum medium, stratum internum, corium

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22
Q

What is the area of overlapping between the corium and hoof capsule

A

Stratum internum

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23
Q

What stratum is the perioplic corium associated with and how is it made

A

Stratum externum

Perioplic corium is associated with proliferative cells which eventually get keratinized and give off stratum externum

24
Q

What stratum’s is the coronary corium associated with and how is it made

A

Outer stratum medium and inner stratum medium

Stem cells associated with coronary corium and form these outer and inner stratum medium

25
Q

What stratum is the laminar corium associated with and how is it made

A

Stratum internum

Stem cells here are inactive

26
Q

Where does hoof growth take place

A

Stratum externum, outer and inner stratum medium

Perioplic and coronary corium

Does not take place from inner to outer regions, extends distally

27
Q

What regions belong to the papillary type of corium

A

Perioplic and coronary regions that are associated with hoof growth

28
Q

What regions of the corium provide support, nutrients and oxygen to adjacent stem cells

A

Perioplic and coronary regions so they can produce additional keratinized tissue to replace the one lost during locomotion

29
Q

What do they papillary corium contain

A

Papillae

30
Q

What is the area between papillae

A

Inter-papillary region

31
Q

The wall contains tubular structures called ____ that are embedded by compact keratinized tissue ____

A

Tubular hoof and intertubular hoof

32
Q

What produces the tubular hoof

A

Stratum basale

33
Q

What produces the inter-papillary region

A

Intertubular hoof

34
Q

Where are the proliferative cells located in the hoof wall

A

Surface of papillae and inter-papillary region

35
Q

What do the differentiating cells on the papillae generate

A

Tubular hoof

36
Q

What do the differentiating cells on the inter-papillary region generate

A

Inter-tubular ones

37
Q

The cells are the tip of the papillae break down and leave space for ___

A

Tubular horn

38
Q

What does rhodamine stain allow for

A

Observation of keratinized area, everything below line is rhodamine positive cells in the stratum corneum (keratinized) and the rhodamine negative cells in the stratum basale

Keratinization is below papillae and non-keratinized area exists between stem cells and keratinized cells

39
Q

What two structures interlock in the hoof wall

A

Laminar corium (dermal lamellae)interlocks with the epidermal lamellae to suspend the distal phalanx within the hoof capsule

40
Q

What does the interlocking of the dermal and epidermal lamellae form

A

Stratum internum of the wall, generates important suspensory apparatus that makes the attachment of the capsule and corium efficient

41
Q

What two structures does the laminar corium attach to

A

Periosteum of PIII and perichondrium of lateral cartilages, completes suspensory apparatus that attaches wall to skeleton

42
Q

Secondary lamellae

A

Present on epidermal and dermal lamellae that increase surface area for attachment

43
Q

What cells are located on the surface of the secondary dermal lamellae

A

Stem cells (stratum basale)- normally quiescent only active to heal wounds at wall

44
Q

What is the primary function of the stratum internum

A

Create the suspensory apparatus for the 3rd phalanx and its associated structures

45
Q

Corium and sole belong to the ____ type

A

Papillary type and therefore associated with regions for distal hoof growth

46
Q

What is the main difference between the papillae of the sole and frog vs perioplic and coronary

A

The papillae of sole and frog are shorter and more homogenous

47
Q

Where does the corium of the sole and frog attach

A

Periosteum of the solar surface of the third phalanx, except at bulbs where it becomes the digital cushion

48
Q

What is the digital cushion made of

A

Fat and fibroelastic connective tissue

49
Q

At the union of the wall and sole what replaces the laminar corium and produces full keratinization of the stratum internum

A

Papillary corium (terminal papillae)

50
Q

What doe the stem cells on the terminal papillae do

A

Generate new hoof between the epidermal lamellae, therefore the stratum internum gets fully keratinized and closes the gap between the wall and sole

51
Q

Zona alba/linea alba ungulate

A

Stratum internum and inner stratum medium make a poorly pigmented area that can be seen at the union of the sole and wall.

Contains 2 zones- outer ring in the stratum internum and the inner ring in the stratum medium

52
Q

Describe hoof growth in terms of epidermal and dermal lamellae detachment and reattachment

A

Hoof grows when non-keratinized cells from papillary corium push down on keratinized cells. This pressure induces expression of matrix metalloproteinases that detach the epidermal and dermal lamellae. The keratinized slide downward on stratum basale and secondary lamellae. Once the pressure is disappeared, the union of the lamellae takes place by secreting metalloproteinases inhibitors

53
Q

What are the hoof strategies to avoid column rupture

A
  1. Intertubular horn reduces fragility by embedding the tubular horn
  2. Central cavity provides flexibility to tubular horn
  3. Concentric layers of cells of the tubular horn contribute to flexibility
  4. The frog provides complementary support with the shorter stronger hoof
  5. The sole-frog angles open to cushion weight load
54
Q

Artiodactyl foot lacks what

A

Frog

55
Q

What do the epidermal and dermal lamellae lack

A

Secondary lamellae

56
Q

In the Artiodactyl hoof what replaces the frog corium and is continuous with the sole corium

A

Digital pad corium, attaches to the 3rd phalanx, lateral cartilages and digital cushion

57
Q

Laminitis

A

Inflammatory process of the dermal lamellae that eventually leads to loss of lamellae interlocking and detachment of 3rd phalanx =

Anatomy Quarter 2- 2023 (39 decks)

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