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Animal Health & Disease 1 > Lectures 15 & 16 - Vaccines > Flashcards

Lectures 15 & 16 - Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What are phagocytic cells

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic Cells

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2
Q

What are antigen-presenting cells

A

Macrophage
Dendritic Cells
B lymphocytes

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3
Q

What are the classes of T cells

A

Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Regulator T cells

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3
Q

What are the classes of B cells

A

Memory B cell
Plasma cell

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4
Q

Define:

vaccine

A

preparation of immunogenic material used to induce initial immune response

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5
Q

Define:

vaccination

A

intentional administration of less virulent pathogens to induce an immune response and protect against later exposure

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6
Q

Who practiced vaccination first

A

Edward Jenner (smallpox vs. cowpox)

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7
Q

antigenically similar viruses, like cowpox and smallpox, are referred to as

A

host range mutants

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8
Q

How did Edward Jenner’s vaccine work?

A

introduced less dangerous cowpox which shared surface antigens with smallpox so the immune system was able to identify

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9
Q

What is the main objective of vaccination

A

induce B and T lymphocytes to differentiate and produce antigen-specific components

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10
Q

what is passive immunity

A

born w/ or acquired via maternal passage

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11
Q

MHC II deals with ______ pathogens

A

exogenous

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12
Q

MHC I deals with _____ pathogens

A

endogenous

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13
Q

What causes B cells to proliferate

A

T helper cells

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14
Q

Disease refers to _______ while infection refers to ________

A

symptoms; presence

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15
Q

Where does the rapid expansion of B and T cells occur

A

after 2nd exposure

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16
Q

For systemic infections, what is preeminent

A

IgG

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17
Q

For localized infections, what is preeminent

A

IgA

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18
Q

what does the preeminent role of IgG or IgA do

A

prevent systemic spread (IgG)
block entry at the mucosal barrier (IgA)

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19
Q

Where are IgG presented to lymphocytes

A

lymph nodes and spleen

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20
Q

Where is IgA presented to lymphocytes

A

submucosa sites

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21
Q

describe the direct development of acquired immunity

A

Plasma cell to antibody to pathogen

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22
Q

describe the indirect development of acquired immunity

A

plasma cell to antibody to macrophages

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23
Q

What has a higher binding capacity:

IgM or IgA

Why?

A

IgM because it is a pentamer (5)

24
Q

Summarize the 12 steps of vaccine-induced immune response

A
  1. binding of “pathogen”
  2. Engulfment
  3. RNA release
    4a. recognition by MHC I receptors intracellularly
    4b. Viral replication and expulsion
  4. dendritic cell interaction
  5. DC stimulates B cell
  6. B cell produces antibody
  7. virus neutralization
  8. MHC II stimulates helper T cell
  9. cytokine release
  10. activated T cells
  11. apoptosis of infected cell
25
Q

What are memory B cells (what immunoglobulins)

A

IgG, IgA, IgE

26
Q

What needs to be considered when discussing:

effectiveness of vaccines

A

evoke protective immunity at appropriate sites, of appropriate nature, and have adequate duration

27
Q

What needs to be considered when discussing:

availability of vaccines

A

cultured in bulk or readily available

28
Q

What needs to be considered when discussing:

stability of vaccines

A

storage, stable under extreme climate conditions

29
Q

What needs to be considered when discussing:

cheapness of vaccines

A

what developing countries have for monetary resources

30
Q

What needs to be considered when discussing:

safety of vaccines

A

eliminate pathogenicity

31
Q

What are veterinary examples of highly effective virus control

A

rabies, canine distemper, feline panleukopenia

32
Q

What are the vaccine-related reasons for vaccine failure

A
  • transport/handling/storage
  • dose and admin
  • quality
33
Q

What are the animal/subject-related reasons for vaccine failure

A
  • maternal antibodies
  • immunosuppression
  • genetic variation
  • stress
34
Q

What are the pathogen-related reasons for vaccine failure

A
  • strain
  • a reversal to virulence
35
Q

Antigenic drift

A

gradual accumulation of mutations

36
Q

Antigenic shift

A

sudden change due to acquisition of one or more novel surface genes

37
Q

Reassortment

A

infected cell produces both parental virus and one RNA segment from either strain

38
Q

T/F: immunological memory is not lost

A

False - gradual loss

39
Q

What are the vaccine types

A
  1. modified live
  2. inactivated (killed)
  3. subunit
  4. virus-vectored
  5. gene-deleted
40
Q

What types of vaccines fall under gene cloning

A

subunit, virus-vectored, gene-deleted

41
Q

Examples of modified-live viral vaccines

A

smallpox, rabies, cold-adapted equine influenza

42
Q

attenuate

A

reduce in virulence

43
Q

cold-adapted vaccines

A

selection of mutants with growth at low temperatures so there is gained immunity with low virulence

44
Q

Examples of inactivated vaccines

A

FIV, canine influenza, rabies

45
Q

How are inactivated vaccines made

A
  1. virus propagated
  2. inactivated via heat, light, irradiation, formalin
  3. add adjuvant
46
Q

adjuvant

A

chemical that enhances immune response to antigen

47
Q

Modified live virus vaccines tend to be highly ____, but not always _____

A

effective; safe

48
Q

Inactivated virus vaccines tend to be highly ____, but not always _____

A

safe; effective

49
Q

How is a recombinant subunit vaccine made

A
  1. foreign DNA inserted to the plasmid vector
  2. introduction of the plasmid to host cell
  3. selection of cells containing recombinant DNA
50
Q

Gene-deleted vaccines

A

delete genes essential in virulence (safe + effective live virus vaccine)

51
Q

Example of gene-deleted vaccine

A

herpesvirus vaccines

52
Q

Virus-vectored vaccines

A

protective antigen inserted into nonvirulent virus genome and then inoculated in host

53
Q

Example of virus-vector vaccines

A

adenoviruses, rhabdoviruses

54
Q

mRNA vaccines

A

prompt the body’s own cells to make a protein fragment found in the pathogen

55
Q

What are the 5 big steps in mRNA vaccine

A
  1. mRNA constructs
  2. delivery
  3. expression
  4. presentation
  5. immune response
56
Q

What are the routes of vaccine administration

A

Parenteral - IM, SQ
Mucosal - oral, nasal, ocular
Dermal - epidermal and SQ
In-ovo/spray - poultry

57
Q

What are the properties of adjuvants

A
  • induce local inflammation
  • prolong antigen persistence
  • steer TH1/2 response
  • deliver antigens to MHC classes

Animal Health & Disease 1 (52 decks)

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