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Animal Health & Disease 1 > Lecture 29 & 30 - Bacterial Structure & Function > Flashcards

Lecture 29 & 30 - Bacterial Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

when does disease occur in regard to bacteria

A
  1. when they are present in normally sterile places
  2. colonize host species not adapted
  3. have acquired toxins or host-damaging mechanisms
  4. are not controlled by the immune system
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2
Q

What are the 3 applications of veterinary bacteriology

A
  1. diagnosing and treating disease
  2. preventing transmission
  3. food safety and public health
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3
Q

what are external appendages on bacteria

A
  1. pili
  2. fimbriae
  3. flagellum
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4
Q

what is present in the membrane of gram + cells

A

teichoic acid

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5
Q

what is present in the membrane of gram - cells

A

lipopolysaccharide

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6
Q

what are the 3 broad categories for bacterial cell structures

A
  1. cytoplasm
  2. cell envelope
  3. surface structures
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7
Q

describe the bacterial genome

A
  • large, circular DNA
  • one per cell
  • organized into a nucleoid
  • mostly genes
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8
Q

describe the bacterial plasmid

A
  • small
  • autonomously replicating
  • single or multiple copies
  • virulence factors or antibiotic resistance
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9
Q

describe the nucleoid

A

chromosomal DNA organized to fit within the cell

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10
Q

what is MreB?

A

actin homolog; builds cytoskeleton inside-out and initiates FtsZ

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11
Q

What is FtsZ?

A

scaffold used to pinch cells in replication

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12
Q

what membrane structure is most rigid?

a. saturated FA
b. trans unsaturated FA
c. cis unsaturated FA

A

a. saturated FA

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13
Q

what is the difference between saturated vs unsaturated bonds

A

single vs. double

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14
Q

what is the difference between cis and trans unsaturated bonds

A

cis - H atoms on the same side
trans - H atoms on opposite sides

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15
Q

T/F: Branched-chain amino acids are present in gram + bacteria

A

TRUE

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16
Q

what gradient is present regarding the cytoplasm of bacteria and the external environment

A

chemiosmotic

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17
Q

what does disequilibrium drive

A
  1. proton motive force
  2. ATP synthesis
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18
Q

what is FALSE of peptidoglycan?

a. composes the cell wall
b. determines gram stain
c. thick in gram-negative bacteria
d. targeted by B-lactam antibiotics

A

c. thick in gram-negative bacteria

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19
Q

what is the role of iodine in the gram staining process

A

creates cross-links between the stain and peptidoglycan

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20
Q

describe a bacterial capsule

A
  • extracellular polysaccharide matrix
  • protects cell and mediates attachment
  • “mucoid” colonies
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21
Q

describe flagella

A
  • filamentous appendage originating from the cytoplasmic membrane
  • confer motility using taxis
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22
Q

describe pili

A
  • filamentous appendage
  • mediate attachment to cells
  • sex (conjugation) and type IV (twitching)
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23
Q

describe conjugation in 3 steps

A
  1. donor cell attaches to the recipient via sex pilus
  2. plasmid is replicated during transfer
  3. two cells with plasmid
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24
Q

what secretion system interacts with the host cell

A

T3SS

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25
Q

what secretion system is responsible for intra-bacterial interaction

A

T6SS

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26
Q

summarize the job of T3SS

A
  • T3SS(1) intake of bacterial cells (invasion)
  • T3SS(2) trafficking/maturation (modulate host processes)
27
Q

summarize the job of T6SS

A
  • recognition of immunity proteins as self or non-self
  • kills non-self cells during bacterial competition
28
Q

what is Diene’s phenomenon

A

zones of intense mutual destruction denoted by black lines in culture

29
Q

mutants lacking T6SS are unable to do what

A

kill non-self cells

30
Q

where is chromosomal DNA stored in bacterial cells?

A

nucleoid

31
Q

how do most bacteria regulate membrane fluidity?

A

fatty acid desaturation

32
Q

what structure allows bacteria to move in their environment?

A

flagella

33
Q

Bacterial secretion systems:

a. can target other host cells
b. can target other bacteria
c. are large proteinaceous structures
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

34
Q

Replication and transcription occur in what direction

A

5’ to 3’

35
Q

what is the additive effect

A

the cumulative strength of individual, relatively weak hydrogen bonds

36
Q

if the phosphodiester backbone of DNA has a net negative charge, then what does this suggest about the proteins that interact with them?

A

positively charged

37
Q

what releases the tension of DNA unwinding during replication

A

gyrase (topoisomerase)

38
Q

what inhibits gyrase

A

quinolone antibiotics

39
Q

what happens during the transcription phase of replication

A

mRNA is derived from DNA template strand

40
Q

what happens during the translation phase of replication

A

amino acid sequence is derived from mRNA (3:1)

41
Q

what is RNA polymerase

A

sigma factor that binds to -35 and -10 regions in promoters

42
Q

transcriptional activators ___ RNA polymerase while RNA repressors ___ binding

A

recruit; prevent

43
Q

T/F: The half-life of mRNA is short

A

TRUE

44
Q

summarize the two-component system in 4 steps

A
  1. membrane-bound histidine kinase senses signal
  2. phosphorylates itself then response regulator
  3. phosphorylated RR activates genes for response signal
  4. cellular processes regulated
45
Q

define competent

A

bacteria capable of being transformed by integration of new DNA

46
Q

what are transposable genetic elements

A

segments of DNA that move from site to site within or between chromosomes

*can encode AMR

47
Q

what are modes of antimicrobial resistance

A
  1. efflux pump
  2. decreased import
  3. loss/mutation of target
  4. modification/detoxification
48
Q

Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria:

Penicillin

A

prevent the formation of bacterial cell wall

49
Q

Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria:

macrolide

A

prevent multiplication and protein synthesis

50
Q

Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria:

cephalosporins

A

prevent the formation of the bacterial cell wall

51
Q

Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria:

fluoroquinolones

A

prevent DNA synthesis

52
Q

Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria:

increased activity beta-lactams

A

increases activity and provides protection of penicillin/cephalosporin

53
Q

Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria:

tetracycline

A

prevent multiplication and protein synthesis

54
Q

Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria:

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

A

inhibit folic acid synthesis and multiplication

55
Q

Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria:

urinary anti-infectives

A

kill or prevent DNA. protein, and cell wall synthesis

56
Q

Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria:

lincosamides

A

prevent multiplication and protein synthesis

57
Q

bacteriophage

A

virus that infects bacteria
lytic or lysogenic

58
Q

what are the two ways DNA is transferred from bacteriophage

A
  1. generalized - any portion of the host bacterium transferred
  2. specialized - DNA from specific region is transferred
59
Q

CRISPR

A
  • Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
  • molecular scissors cleave foreign DNA
60
Q

The central dogma of molecular biology says

A

DNA to RNA to protein

61
Q

5’ to 3’ refer to what feature of DNA

A

carbons connected by phosphodiester backbone

62
Q

RNA polymerase binds at which feature to regulate gene expression

A

promoter

63
Q

which of the following describes a mechanism of antimicrobial resistance?

a. enzymatic modification/detoxification
b. increased efflux
c. mutations resulting in decreased binding to target protein
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

Animal Health & Disease 1 (50 decks)

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