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Animal Health & Disease 1 > Lecture 29 & 30 - Bacterial Structure & Function > Flashcards

Lecture 29 & 30 - Bacterial Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

when does disease occur in regard to bacteria

A
  1. when they are present in normally sterile places
  2. colonize host species not adapted
  3. have acquired toxins or host-damaging mechanisms
  4. are not controlled by the immune system
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2
Q

What are the 3 applications of veterinary bacteriology

A
  1. diagnosing and treating disease
  2. preventing transmission
  3. food safety and public health
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3
Q

what are external appendages on bacteria

A
  1. pili
  2. fimbriae
  3. flagellum
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4
Q

what is present in the membrane of gram + cells

A

teichoic acid

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5
Q

what is present in the membrane of gram - cells

A

lipopolysaccharide

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6
Q

what are the 3 broad categories for bacterial cell structures

A
  1. cytoplasm
  2. cell envelope
  3. surface structures
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7
Q

describe the bacterial genome

A
  • large, circular DNA
  • one per cell
  • organized into a nucleoid
  • mostly genes
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8
Q

describe the bacterial plasmid

A
  • small
  • autonomously replicating
  • single or multiple copies
  • virulence factors or antibiotic resistance
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9
Q

describe the nucleoid

A

chromosomal DNA organized to fit within the cell

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10
Q

what is MreB?

A

actin homolog; builds cytoskeleton inside-out and initiates FtsZ

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11
Q

What is FtsZ?

A

scaffold used to pinch cells in replication

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12
Q

what membrane structure is most rigid?

a. saturated FA
b. trans unsaturated FA
c. cis unsaturated FA

A

a. saturated FA

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13
Q

what is the difference between saturated vs unsaturated bonds

A

single vs. double

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14
Q

what is the difference between cis and trans unsaturated bonds

A

cis - H atoms on the same side
trans - H atoms on opposite sides

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15
Q

T/F: Branched-chain amino acids are present in gram + bacteria

A

TRUE

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16
Q

what gradient is present regarding the cytoplasm of bacteria and the external environment

A

chemiosmotic

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17
Q

what does disequilibrium drive

A
  1. proton motive force
  2. ATP synthesis
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18
Q

what is FALSE of peptidoglycan?

a. composes the cell wall
b. determines gram stain
c. thick in gram-negative bacteria
d. targeted by B-lactam antibiotics

A

c. thick in gram-negative bacteria

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19
Q

what is the role of iodine in the gram staining process

A

creates cross-links between the stain and peptidoglycan

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20
Q

describe a bacterial capsule

A
  • extracellular polysaccharide matrix
  • protects cell and mediates attachment
  • “mucoid” colonies
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21
Q

describe flagella

A
  • filamentous appendage originating from the cytoplasmic membrane
  • confer motility using taxis
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22
Q

describe pili

A
  • filamentous appendage
  • mediate attachment to cells
  • sex (conjugation) and type IV (twitching)
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23
Q

describe conjugation in 3 steps

A
  1. donor cell attaches to the recipient via sex pilus
  2. plasmid is replicated during transfer
  3. two cells with plasmid
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24
Q

what secretion system interacts with the host cell

A

T3SS

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25
what secretion system is responsible for intra-bacterial interaction
T6SS
26
summarize the job of T3SS
- T3SS(1) intake of bacterial cells (invasion) - T3SS(2) trafficking/maturation (modulate host processes)
27
summarize the job of T6SS
- recognition of immunity proteins as self or non-self - kills non-self cells during bacterial competition
28
what is Diene's phenomenon
zones of intense mutual destruction denoted by black lines in culture
29
mutants lacking T6SS are unable to do what
kill non-self cells
30
where is chromosomal DNA stored in bacterial cells?
nucleoid
31
how do most bacteria regulate membrane fluidity?
fatty acid desaturation
32
what structure allows bacteria to move in their environment?
flagella
33
Bacterial secretion systems: a. can target other host cells b. can target other bacteria c. are large proteinaceous structures d. all of the above
d. all of the above
34
Replication and transcription occur in what direction
5' to 3'
35
what is the additive effect
the cumulative strength of individual, relatively weak hydrogen bonds
36
if the phosphodiester backbone of DNA has a net negative charge, then what does this suggest about the proteins that interact with them?
positively charged
37
what releases the tension of DNA unwinding during replication
gyrase (topoisomerase)
38
what inhibits gyrase
quinolone antibiotics
39
what happens during the transcription phase of replication
mRNA is derived from DNA template strand
40
what happens during the translation phase of replication
amino acid sequence is derived from mRNA (3:1)
41
what is RNA polymerase
sigma factor that binds to -35 and -10 regions in promoters
42
transcriptional activators ___ RNA polymerase while RNA repressors ___ binding
recruit; prevent
43
T/F: The half-life of mRNA is short
TRUE
44
summarize the two-component system in 4 steps
1. membrane-bound histidine kinase senses signal 2. phosphorylates itself then response regulator 3. phosphorylated RR activates genes for response signal 4. cellular processes regulated
45
define competent
bacteria capable of being transformed by integration of new DNA
46
what are transposable genetic elements
segments of DNA that move from site to site within or between chromosomes *can encode AMR
47
what are modes of antimicrobial resistance
1. efflux pump 2. decreased import 3. loss/mutation of target 4. modification/detoxification
48
Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria: Penicillin
prevent the formation of bacterial cell wall
49
Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria: macrolide
prevent multiplication and protein synthesis
50
Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria: cephalosporins
prevent the formation of the bacterial cell wall
51
Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria: fluoroquinolones
prevent DNA synthesis
52
Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria: increased activity beta-lactams
increases activity and provides protection of penicillin/cephalosporin
53
Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria: tetracycline
prevent multiplication and protein synthesis
54
Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
inhibit folic acid synthesis and multiplication
55
Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria: urinary anti-infectives
kill or prevent DNA. protein, and cell wall synthesis
56
Describe how this antibiotic targets bacteria: lincosamides
prevent multiplication and protein synthesis
57
bacteriophage
virus that infects bacteria lytic or lysogenic
58
what are the two ways DNA is transferred from bacteriophage
1. generalized - any portion of the host bacterium transferred 2. specialized - DNA from specific region is transferred
59
CRISPR
- Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats - molecular scissors cleave foreign DNA
60
The central dogma of molecular biology says
DNA to RNA to protein
61
5' to 3' refer to what feature of DNA
carbons connected by phosphodiester backbone
62
RNA polymerase binds at which feature to regulate gene expression
promoter
63
which of the following describes a mechanism of antimicrobial resistance? a. enzymatic modification/detoxification b. increased efflux c. mutations resulting in decreased binding to target protein d. all of the above
d. all of the above

Animal Health & Disease 1 (52 decks)

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