Lecture 2 - Intro to Innate

Question 1

What are the 3 main components of the innate immune system

Answer 1

1. barriers (physical or physiological)
2. antimicrobial molecules
3. sentinel cells

Question 2

What are examples of innate barriers

Answer 2

1. epithelium
2. mucus/tears/sebum
3. flushing/peristalsis
4. commensal flora

Question 3

How are barriers like the Forbidden Forest at Hogwarts

Answer 3

Deters students from leaving the grounds unless facilitated, has natural ecosystems used to deter enemies from entering

Question 4

Antimicrobial molecules are produced by:

Answer 4

epithelial cells and leukocytes

Question 5

What are examples of AM molecules

Answer 5

1. defensins
2. cathelicidins
3. lysozyme
4. lactoferrin

Question 6

How do antimicrobial molecules work in the innate immune system

Answer 6

they have a direct toxicity to pathogens with membranes and recruit leukocytes

“poke holes”

Question 7

Why are antimicrobial molecules similar to killing curses in Harry Potter?

Answer 7

Killing curses initiates battles and wound an enemy

Question 8

Opsonin

Answer 8

molecules that bind to pathogens and make them more visible/susceptible to phagocytosis

Question 9

T/F: Opsonins are considered the intersection of adaptive and innate immunity

Answer 9

True

Question 10

How are opsonins similar to the bank scene in The Deathly Hallows?

Answer 10

While under the polyjuice potion, the golden trio can bypass bank security. However, the waterfall washes away their disguise and alerts the wizard police to their presence

Question 11

What are the 3 sentinel cells

Answer 11

1. mast cells
2. macrophages
3. dendritic cells

Question 12

Mast cell

Answer 12

initiate inflammation via granules

Question 13

what character from Harry Potter is the mast cell most like?

Answer 13

Voldemort - is always at the center of every conflict

Question 14

Macrophages

Answer 14

antigen presentation, cytokine production, phagocytosis, unspecialized

Question 15

What character from Harry Potter is the macrophage most like?

Answer 15

Dementors - attack both students and escapees of Azkaban via soul-sucking

Question 16

Dendritic cells

Answer 16

process antigen to start adaptive response (takes information to the lymphatic system)

in connective tissue

Question 17

What character from Harry Potter is the dendritic cell most like?

Answer 17

The golden trio - figures out Voldemort is back and attempts to warn the rest of the wizarding world (restarts the order of the phoenix)

Question 18

How are antimicrobial molecules, like defensin, similar to arrows

Answer 18

create pores in the cellular membrane

Question 19

What is an example of an opsonin

Answer 19

C3b

Question 20

Where do immune cells originate

Answer 20

bone marrow

Question 21

myeloid cells

Answer 21

granulocytes, mast cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells

Question 22

Lymphoid cells

Answer 22

T and B cells, NK cells

Question 23

What are the primary lymphoid organs

Answer 23

Bone Marrow, thymus, bursa

Question 24

what are the secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 24

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches

Question 25

what stem cell derivative in hematopoiesis is not differentiated

Answer 25

Common myeloid precursor

Question 26

What cells compose the majority of the innate immune system

Answer 26

Basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte, macrophage, dendritic cell

Question 27

What are considered adaptive immune system cells

Answer 27

T and B cells, plasma cells

Question 28

How are myeloid cells defined

Answer 28

- cell shape - shape of the nucleus - granule staining

Question 29

What does immature neutrophil presence indicate

Answer 29

new inflammatory response or active chronic condition

Question 30

What is the only hematopoietic cell type that can regenerate?

Answer 30

Hematopoietic stem cell

Question 31

What cell is not mature when it leaves the bone marrow

Answer 31

T cells

Question 32

Where do T cells mature

Answer 32

Thymus

Question 33

What granulocyte has a multilobulated nucleus and pale-staining granules

Answer 33

neutrophil

Question 34

Neutrophil

Answer 34

first responder not in tissue primary function is to kill infecting microbes

Question 35

how does the neutrophil kill infecting microbes

Answer 35

1 - phagocytosis 2 - degranulation 3 - neutrophil extracellular traps

Question 36

What character from Harry Potter is the neutrophil most like

Answer 36

McGonagall's Stone Knights

Question 37

Lactoferrin binds ______

Answer 37

iron

Question 38

Myeloperoxidase uses ________ to digest pathogens

Answer 38

free radicals

Question 39

What occurs when an animal lacks the myeloperoxidase enzyme

Answer 39

abscesses will be hardened instead of liquid

Question 40

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

Answer 40

DNA extruded and coated with histones + granule components captures microbes, destroys virulence factors

Question 41

What character from Harry Potter is the NETs most like?

Answer 41

Aragog and the spiders

Question 42

Eosinophils

Answer 42

found in connective tissue functions to kill multicellular parasites allergic responses

Question 43

What character from Harry Potter is the Eosinophils most like?

Answer 43

Devil's snare - attacks multiple

Question 44

What species has the largest eosinophilic granules

Answer 44

horse

Question 45

Basophils

Answer 45

migrate to tissues during infections, late phase allergic reactions promote Th2 response

Question 46

What character from Harry Potter is the Basophil most like?

Answer 46

Cho Chang - unique (only Ravenclaw interaction), sometimes helpful or harmful

Question 47

Monocytes

Answer 47

cell which contains vacuoles responds to inflamed tissues via phagocytosis or cytokine production

Question 48

What cell is most effective at antigen processing

Answer 48

Dendritic cells

Question 49

What functions do mast cells have

Answer 49

1. vasodilation 2. vascular permeability 3. recruit leukocytes 4. histamine granule production

Question 50

Natural Killer Cells

Answer 50

1st line of defense against viruses secrete granules that drive apoptosis

Question 51

What character from Harry Potter are Natural Killer cells most like?

Answer 51

Death eaters - will drive apoptosis in cells that do not carry MHC class 1 inhibitory receptor (death eater tattoo)

Question 52

which innate immune cells come from the lymphoid lineage

Answer 52

Natural Killer Cell

Question 53

Is the problem acute or chronic if there are: neutrophils

Answer 53

acute

Question 54

Is the problem acute or chronic if there are: macrophages/lymphocytes/plasma cells

Answer 54

chronic

Question 55

Is the problem acute or chronic if there are: neutrophils and macrophages

Answer 55

active chronic condition (flare-up)

Question 56

What is the cause if there are: neutrophils

Answer 56

extracellular bacteria

Question 57

What is the cause if there are: macrophages

Answer 57

intracellular bacteria/parasites, fungi, or foreign body

Question 58

What is the cause if there are: eosinophils

Answer 58

extracellular parasites, allergy

Question 59

What is the cause if there are: Mast cell/basophil/eosinophil

Answer 59

allergy

Question 60

You aspirate a lump of skin which presents as multi-lobulated nuclei and transparent granules. What would be a reasonable treatment of choice?

Answer 60

neutrophils - extracellular bacteria - antibiotic tx