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Animal Health & Disease 1 > Lecture 2 - Intro to Innate > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Intro to Innate Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main components of the innate immune system

A
  1. barriers (physical or physiological)
  2. antimicrobial molecules
  3. sentinel cells
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2
Q

What are examples of innate barriers

A
  1. epithelium
  2. mucus/tears/sebum
  3. flushing/peristalsis
  4. commensal flora
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3
Q

How are barriers like the Forbidden Forest at Hogwarts

A

Deters students from leaving the grounds unless facilitated, has natural ecosystems used to deter enemies from entering

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4
Q

Antimicrobial molecules are produced by:

A

epithelial cells and leukocytes

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5
Q

What are examples of AM molecules

A
  1. defensins
  2. cathelicidins
  3. lysozyme
  4. lactoferrin
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6
Q

How do antimicrobial molecules work in the innate immune system

A

they have a direct toxicity to pathogens with membranes and recruit leukocytes

“poke holes”

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7
Q

Why are antimicrobial molecules similar to killing curses in Harry Potter?

A

Killing curses initiates battles and wound an enemy

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8
Q

Opsonin

A

molecules that bind to pathogens and make them more visible/susceptible to phagocytosis

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9
Q

T/F: Opsonins are considered the intersection of adaptive and innate immunity

A

True

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10
Q

How are opsonins similar to the bank scene in The Deathly Hallows?

A

While under the polyjuice potion, the golden trio can bypass bank security. However, the waterfall washes away their disguise and alerts the wizard police to their presence

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11
Q

What are the 3 sentinel cells

A
  1. mast cells
  2. macrophages
  3. dendritic cells
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12
Q

Mast cell

A

initiate inflammation via granules

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13
Q

what character from Harry Potter is the mast cell most like?

A

Voldemort - is always at the center of every conflict

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14
Q

Macrophages

A

antigen presentation, cytokine production, phagocytosis, unspecialized

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15
Q

What character from Harry Potter is the macrophage most like?

A

Dementors - attack both students and escapees of Azkaban via soul-sucking

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16
Q

Dendritic cells

A

process antigen to start adaptive response (takes information to the lymphatic system)

in connective tissue

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17
Q

What character from Harry Potter is the dendritic cell most like?

A

The golden trio - figures out Voldemort is back and attempts to warn the rest of the wizarding world (restarts the order of the phoenix)

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18
Q

How are antimicrobial molecules, like defensin, similar to arrows

A

create pores in the cellular membrane

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19
Q

What is an example of an opsonin

A

C3b

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20
Q

Where do immune cells originate

A

bone marrow

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21
Q

myeloid cells

A

granulocytes, mast cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells

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22
Q

Lymphoid cells

A

T and B cells, NK cells

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23
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone Marrow, thymus, bursa

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24
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs

A

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches

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25
Q

what stem cell derivative in hematopoiesis is not differentiated

A

Common myeloid precursor

26
Q

What cells compose the majority of the innate immune system

A

Basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte, macrophage, dendritic cell

27
Q

What are considered adaptive immune system cells

A

T and B cells, plasma cells

28
Q

How are myeloid cells defined

A
  • cell shape
  • shape of the nucleus
  • granule staining
29
Q

What does immature neutrophil presence indicate

A

new inflammatory response or active chronic condition

30
Q

What is the only hematopoietic cell type that can regenerate?

A

Hematopoietic stem cell

31
Q

What cell is not mature when it leaves the bone marrow

A

T cells

32
Q

Where do T cells mature

A

Thymus

33
Q

What granulocyte has a multilobulated nucleus and pale-staining granules

A

neutrophil

34
Q

Neutrophil

A

first responder not in tissue
primary function is to kill infecting microbes

35
Q

how does the neutrophil kill infecting microbes

A

1 - phagocytosis
2 - degranulation
3 - neutrophil extracellular traps

36
Q

What character from Harry Potter is the neutrophil most like

A

McGonagall’s Stone Knights

37
Q

Lactoferrin binds ______

A

iron

38
Q

Myeloperoxidase uses ________ to digest pathogens

A

free radicals

39
Q

What occurs when an animal lacks the myeloperoxidase enzyme

A

abscesses will be hardened instead of liquid

40
Q

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

A

DNA extruded and coated with histones + granule components

captures microbes, destroys virulence factors

41
Q

What character from Harry Potter is the NETs most like?

A

Aragog and the spiders

42
Q

Eosinophils

A

found in connective tissue
functions to kill multicellular parasites
allergic responses

43
Q

What character from Harry Potter is the Eosinophils most like?

A

Devil’s snare - attacks multiple

44
Q

What species has the largest eosinophilic granules

A

horse

45
Q

Basophils

A

migrate to tissues during infections, late phase allergic reactions
promote Th2 response

46
Q

What character from Harry Potter is the Basophil most like?

A

Cho Chang - unique (only Ravenclaw interaction), sometimes helpful or harmful

47
Q

Monocytes

A

cell which contains vacuoles

responds to inflamed tissues via phagocytosis or cytokine production

48
Q

What cell is most effective at antigen processing

A

Dendritic cells

49
Q

What functions do mast cells have

A
  1. vasodilation
  2. vascular permeability
  3. recruit leukocytes
  4. histamine granule production
50
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

1st line of defense against viruses
secrete granules that drive apoptosis

51
Q

What character from Harry Potter are Natural Killer cells most like?

A

Death eaters - will drive apoptosis in cells that do not carry MHC class 1 inhibitory receptor (death eater tattoo)

52
Q

which innate immune cells come from the lymphoid lineage

A

Natural Killer Cell

53
Q

Is the problem acute or chronic if there are:

neutrophils

A

acute

54
Q

Is the problem acute or chronic if there are:

macrophages/lymphocytes/plasma cells

A

chronic

55
Q

Is the problem acute or chronic if there are:

neutrophils and macrophages

A

active chronic condition (flare-up)

56
Q

What is the cause if there are:

neutrophils

A

extracellular bacteria

57
Q

What is the cause if there are:

macrophages

A

intracellular bacteria/parasites, fungi, or foreign body

58
Q

What is the cause if there are:

eosinophils

A

extracellular parasites, allergy

59
Q

What is the cause if there are:

Mast cell/basophil/eosinophil

A

allergy

60
Q

You aspirate a lump of skin which presents as multi-lobulated nuclei and transparent granules. What would be a reasonable treatment of choice?

A

neutrophils - extracellular bacteria - antibiotic tx

Animal Health & Disease 1 (22 decks)

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