Lecture 2 - Intro to Innate Flashcards
What are the 3 main components of the innate immune system
- barriers (physical or physiological)
- antimicrobial molecules
- sentinel cells
What are examples of innate barriers
- epithelium
- mucus/tears/sebum
- flushing/peristalsis
- commensal flora
How are barriers like the Forbidden Forest at Hogwarts
Deters students from leaving the grounds unless facilitated, has natural ecosystems used to deter enemies from entering
Antimicrobial molecules are produced by:
epithelial cells and leukocytes
What are examples of AM molecules
- defensins
- cathelicidins
- lysozyme
- lactoferrin
How do antimicrobial molecules work in the innate immune system
they have a direct toxicity to pathogens with membranes and recruit leukocytes
“poke holes”
Why are antimicrobial molecules similar to killing curses in Harry Potter?
Killing curses initiates battles and wound an enemy
Opsonin
molecules that bind to pathogens and make them more visible/susceptible to phagocytosis
T/F: Opsonins are considered the intersection of adaptive and innate immunity
True
How are opsonins similar to the bank scene in The Deathly Hallows?
While under the polyjuice potion, the golden trio can bypass bank security. However, the waterfall washes away their disguise and alerts the wizard police to their presence
What are the 3 sentinel cells
- mast cells
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
Mast cell
initiate inflammation via granules
what character from Harry Potter is the mast cell most like?
Voldemort - is always at the center of every conflict
Macrophages
antigen presentation, cytokine production, phagocytosis, unspecialized
What character from Harry Potter is the macrophage most like?
Dementors - attack both students and escapees of Azkaban via soul-sucking
Dendritic cells
process antigen to start adaptive response (takes information to the lymphatic system)
in connective tissue
What character from Harry Potter is the dendritic cell most like?
The golden trio - figures out Voldemort is back and attempts to warn the rest of the wizarding world (restarts the order of the phoenix)
How are antimicrobial molecules, like defensin, similar to arrows
create pores in the cellular membrane
What is an example of an opsonin
C3b
Where do immune cells originate
bone marrow
myeloid cells
granulocytes, mast cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells
Lymphoid cells
T and B cells, NK cells
What are the primary lymphoid organs
Bone Marrow, thymus, bursa
what are the secondary lymphoid organs
spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches
what stem cell derivative in hematopoiesis is not differentiated
Common myeloid precursor
What cells compose the majority of the innate immune system
Basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte, macrophage, dendritic cell
What are considered adaptive immune system cells
T and B cells, plasma cells
How are myeloid cells defined
- cell shape
- shape of the nucleus
- granule staining
What does immature neutrophil presence indicate
new inflammatory response or active chronic condition
What is the only hematopoietic cell type that can regenerate?
Hematopoietic stem cell
What cell is not mature when it leaves the bone marrow
T cells
Where do T cells mature
Thymus
What granulocyte has a multilobulated nucleus and pale-staining granules
neutrophil
Neutrophil
first responder not in tissue
primary function is to kill infecting microbes
how does the neutrophil kill infecting microbes
1 - phagocytosis
2 - degranulation
3 - neutrophil extracellular traps
What character from Harry Potter is the neutrophil most like
McGonagall’s Stone Knights
Lactoferrin binds ______
iron
Myeloperoxidase uses ________ to digest pathogens
free radicals
What occurs when an animal lacks the myeloperoxidase enzyme
abscesses will be hardened instead of liquid
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
DNA extruded and coated with histones + granule components
captures microbes, destroys virulence factors
What character from Harry Potter is the NETs most like?
Aragog and the spiders
Eosinophils
found in connective tissue
functions to kill multicellular parasites
allergic responses
What character from Harry Potter is the Eosinophils most like?
Devil’s snare - attacks multiple
What species has the largest eosinophilic granules
horse
Basophils
migrate to tissues during infections, late phase allergic reactions
promote Th2 response
What character from Harry Potter is the Basophil most like?
Cho Chang - unique (only Ravenclaw interaction), sometimes helpful or harmful
Monocytes
cell which contains vacuoles
responds to inflamed tissues via phagocytosis or cytokine production
What cell is most effective at antigen processing
Dendritic cells
What functions do mast cells have
- vasodilation
- vascular permeability
- recruit leukocytes
- histamine granule production
Natural Killer Cells
1st line of defense against viruses
secrete granules that drive apoptosis
What character from Harry Potter are Natural Killer cells most like?
Death eaters - will drive apoptosis in cells that do not carry MHC class 1 inhibitory receptor (death eater tattoo)
which innate immune cells come from the lymphoid lineage
Natural Killer Cell
Is the problem acute or chronic if there are:
neutrophils
acute
Is the problem acute or chronic if there are:
macrophages/lymphocytes/plasma cells
chronic
Is the problem acute or chronic if there are:
neutrophils and macrophages
active chronic condition (flare-up)
What is the cause if there are:
neutrophils
extracellular bacteria
What is the cause if there are:
macrophages
intracellular bacteria/parasites, fungi, or foreign body
What is the cause if there are:
eosinophils
extracellular parasites, allergy
What is the cause if there are:
Mast cell/basophil/eosinophil
allergy
You aspirate a lump of skin which presents as multi-lobulated nuclei and transparent granules. What would be a reasonable treatment of choice?
neutrophils - extracellular bacteria - antibiotic tx
